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Documenting Lule Sami is a pilot study for an in-depth manual annotation of written Lule Sami. The study is conducted by LingLab (see [[About TypeCraft]]) at the [http://www.ntnu.no/hf Department for Language and Communication Studies] at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Work started in Mai 2008 and will end in November 2008. The page [[A Pilot Study in Documenting Lule Sami]] tells you more about the project itself. Under [[About Lule Sami]] you find a short introduction to the Lule Sami people and their language. Following the latter link you also will find other relevant links about the Sami and their language.
+
Documenting Lule Sami is a pilot study for the in-depth manual annotation of written Lule Sami (for more information about the project itself see [[Annotation_of_representative_texts_from_Lule_Sami_-_An_NTNU_project]]). The study was conducted by [[User:Dorothee|Dorothee Beermann]] (see also [[About TypeCraft]]) at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology [http://www.ntnu.no/]. The project started in Mai 2008 and ended in December 2008. Under [[About Lule Sami]] you find a short introduction to the Lule Sami language; there you also find references to other relevant links about the Sami and their language.
  
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Lule Sami is a morphologically rich, highly inflected and very often fusional language which makes its in-depth morpho-syntactic annotation an interesting, yet at the same time a difficult and very time-consuming task. Yet, none of the texts we use has been annotated before, and since Lule Sami is, with approximately 2000 speakers in Norway and Sweden, of which only few speak Lule Sami as first language, one of the highly endangered languages in Europe.
+
Lule Sami is a morphologically rich, highly inflected and very often fusional language which makes its in-depth morpho-syntactic annotation an interesting, yet at the same time a difficult and very time-consuming task. None of the texts we have collected has been annotated before, and since Lule Sami is, with fewer than 1,500 speakers in Norway and Sweden, of which only a few speak Lule Sami as their first language, one of the highly endangered languages in Europe, it is important that efforts in documenting Lule Sami are made now.  
  
−
Below we discuss some of the issues that were raised during annotation.   
+
Below we discuss some of the issues that were raised during the annotation process.   
 +
[[Image:The_inner_room.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right]]
  
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==Annotating Lule Sami - Questions and some answers==
 
  
−
====Categories and Functions====
+
---------------------------------------------------------
 +
-----------------
 +
--------------
 +
 
 +
====Annotating Lule Sami - Questions and some answers====
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=====Categories and Functions=====
  
 
'''ADJ and N'''
 
'''ADJ and N'''
  
−
Anders Kintel writes in his "Veiledning i bruk av ordboka" (foreløpig versjon):
+
Anders Kintel writes:
  
−
'''"Vi gjør oppmerksom på at de fleste adjektiv i samisk kan også fungere som substantiv og også motsatt, derfor står det ikke alltid en markering''' [s. eller adj.] '''bak ordet som tilsier at dette er et adjektiv eller et substantiv".'''
+
'''"Vi gjør oppmerksom på at de fleste adjektiv i samisk kan også fungere som substantiv og også motsatt, derfor står det ikke alltid en markering bak ordet som tilsier at dette er et adjektiv eller et substantiv".'''
  
 
Here a free translation:
 
Here a free translation:
  
−
''We would like to draw attention to the fact that most adjectives in Sami can function as nouns, as well as nouns can function as adjectives; therefore there is not always a specification'' [n. or adj.] ''after the word that expresses that this is an adjective or a noun.''
+
''We would like to draw attention to the fact that most adjectives in Sami can function as nouns, as well as nouns can function as adjectives; therefore not always a specification'' [n. or adj.] '' is given after the word that expresses that this is an adjective or a noun.''
  
 
Reference:
 
Reference:
Line 23: Line 30:
  
  
−
An example how we annotate de-adjectival and other derivational lexemes comes from one of the texts that we have annotated.
+
An example of how we have annotated de-adjectival and other derivational lexemes comes from one of the texts from the TypeCraft database.
  
 
In the example below we annotate ''vuorra'' meaning ''old'' on the POS tier as '''N''':
 
In the example below we annotate ''vuorra'' meaning ''old'' on the POS tier as '''N''':
Line 29: Line 36:
  
 
<Phrase>4203</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>4203</Phrase>
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In the case of ''vurro'' we in fact do find derivational morphology. The -s in vuorra-s [vuorrasa] marks the noun as derived. The -s is followed by some case inflection. Clearly, the function of ''vuorra'' is that of a noun, and accordingly it has been inflected for case. (Kristin)
+
In the case of ''vuorro'' we in fact do find derivational morphology. The -s in vuorra-s [vuorrasa] marks the noun as derived. The -s is followed by case inflection. Clearly, the function of ''vuorra'' is that of a noun, and accordingly it has been inflected for case.  
  
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In general we will annotate the word's POS category according the function it has in its context of use. However on the glossing tier we should in addition indicate the word's derivation. The -s reflects nominalization, so we should use the ADJ-> N tag in the gloss line to reflect this better (Dorothee).
+
In general we will assign POS categories according to the function that a word has in a given context. On the glossing tier we will in addition indicate the word's derivation. For example in cases where the suffix -s reflects nominalization, we will provide the ADJ-> N tag in the gloss line.
 
   
 
   
  
−
We need gloss tags '''ATT''' for attributive form and '''PRED''' for predicative form of the adjectives. Some forms are equal in both forms - then perhaps, it is sufficient to mark it only with ''ADJ'' pos.   (Kristin)
+
Notice that we use the gloss tags '''ATT''' for attributive forms and '''PRED''' for predicative forms of the adjective. Some forms are equal morphologically, in this case we will only use the POS tier to indicate the adjective status.
  
  
 
'''V > N'''
 
'''V > N'''
−
(Again the issue is how to annotate for derivation)
 
−
 
 
(Kristin): I think it is NOT enough to annotate V > N, V > V, etc. We should mark every derivation with what kind of N derivation it is. I have written something about it below:  
 
(Kristin): I think it is NOT enough to annotate V > N, V > V, etc. We should mark every derivation with what kind of N derivation it is. I have written something about it below:  
  
Line 50: Line 55:
 
'''-li-''' i '''gæhttja-li-t''' = subjunctive-FREQ
 
'''-li-''' i '''gæhttja-li-t''' = subjunctive-FREQ
  
−
(Dorothee) At this point it is not clear which subtypes of nominalizing suffixes we should distinguish. We could for example introduce NMLZ.actio and other subtypes of nominalizer. How useful would that be?
+
(Dorothee) At this point it is not clear which subtypes of nominalizing suffixes we should distinguish. Should we for example introduce NMLZ.actio and other subtypes of nominalizer. How useful would that be?  
−
Perhaps we should wait until we have a clearer overview over which categories are needed.  
+
Perhaps we should wait until we have a clearer overview over which categories are needed, and try to use the tags of the type V>N etc. for the time being.
 +
 
  
 
'''V > Adj but how about ADJ->V'''
 
'''V > Adj but how about ADJ->V'''
Line 70: Line 76:
 
Possessive pronouns may also precede the noun.
 
Possessive pronouns may also precede the noun.
  
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(Dorothee):
 
 
Question:
 
Question:
 
Are both syntactic pattern in free distribution?
 
Are both syntactic pattern in free distribution?
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Why really should we use only PRON when the possessive is used attributive, but PRON.POSS when it is used as modifier?.
 
Why really should we use only PRON when the possessive is used attributive, but PRON.POSS when it is used as modifier?.
  
−
====VERBAL FORMS====
+
=====VERBAL FORMS=====
−
=====more verbal tags...=====
+
======more verbal tags...======
−
While annotation verb forms in Lule Sami we noticed that TypeCraft did not provide all the tags we  
+
While annotating verb forms in Lule Sami we noticed that TypeCraft did not provide all the tags we  
 
needed. In the following we exemplify some of the verb forms, and discuss the right use of tags.  
 
needed. In the following we exemplify some of the verb forms, and discuss the right use of tags.  
 +
 +
Please see the updated list of gloss tags [[Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/]] ([[User:Dorothee|Dorothee]] 15:51, 15 December 2008 (CET))
  
 
'''GERUND'''
 
'''GERUND'''
−
we need to tag two distinct gerunds:
+
we need two tags for two distinct gerunds:
  
 
'''Gerund I'''
 
'''Gerund I'''
  
−
Is expressing: while..., at the same time as... something happens at the same time as the doing the main verb is expressing.
+
expresses: 'while'..., 'at the same time as'... Gerund I expresses the partial overlap of two events.
  
 
sån oaddá-j bårå-'''dijn'''      = he fell asleep while eating
 
sån oaddá-j bårå-'''dijn'''      = he fell asleep while eating
Line 98: Line 105:
  
 
Note:
 
Note:
−
'''-dijn''' - used after the last vowel of the week stem of a pair-syllabic verb or after the last vowel of the stem of a contracted verb
+
'''-dijn''' is used after the last vowel of the week stem of a pair-syllabic verb or after the last vowel of the stem of a contracted verb.
−
...(a)'''-ttjin''' - used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb (the last stem vowel changes to '-a'
+
'''-ttjin'''is used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb (the last stem vowel changes to '-a').
  
 
'''Gerund II'''
 
'''Gerund II'''
  
−
Is expressing: someone is doing something, or something is going on, or something has started but is not finished.  
+
expresses: someone is doing something, or something is going on, or something has started but is not finished.  
 
The Gerund II is build through the use of the auxiliary '''liehke-t''' (to be).  
 
The Gerund II is build through the use of the auxiliary '''liehke-t''' (to be).  
  
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<Phrase>4785</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>4785</Phrase>
 
'''oaddá'''-t er '''inchoative''' of '''oade'''-t.
 
'''oaddá'''-t er '''inchoative''' of '''oade'''-t.
 +
 +
Done. Look at [[Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/]] ([[User:Dorothee|Dorothee]] 14:20, 15 December 2008 (CET))
  
 
Phonologically inchoatives are marked by a fortification of the consonant cluster and lengthening of the last vowel in the stem.
 
Phonologically inchoatives are marked by a fortification of the consonant cluster and lengthening of the last vowel in the stem.
Line 139: Line 148:
 
'''NEGATIVE VERBS'''
 
'''NEGATIVE VERBS'''
  
−
The tag '''Vneg''' in the POS tier is needed.
+
The tag '''Vneg''' in the POS tier is needed. Please see the list of gloss tags [[Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/]]
  
 
-------------------------------------------------
 
-------------------------------------------------
Line 148: Line 157:
  
 
How should one annotate the suffix '''-tji''' in the above sentence.
 
How should one annotate the suffix '''-tji''' in the above sentence.
−
Kristin suggests to use 'supinum'. I am not so sure that this is right. As far as I know the supinum
+
[[User:Kristin]] had suggested to use 'supinum'. The supinum is one of the infinite forms of LS next to the infinitive, the gerund, the participle and possibly others. In the examples above the suffix '''-tji''' was first annotated as supinum and the the -t as an infinitive marker, which did not
−
is one of the infinite forms of LS next to the infinitive, the gerund, the participle and others.
+
make to much sense. [[User:Kristin]]  then suggested that 'supinum' is '''tjit''' and as such an infinite marker. At present we have an annotation as shown in the example above. 
−
But is '''-tji''' in the example above really an infinite marker, and then what is the -t?  (Dorothee)
+
 
 +
The examples below illustrates the supinum
 +
 
 +
Ex: "Dån la má smidá '''váttsá-tjit'''!" - "You are clever '''at walking'''!" 
  
−
May be it is better to say that 'supinum' is '''tjit''' and as such an infinite marker.  (Kristin)
+
It seems that most instances of infinitives so far occur after modal verbs, yet here seems to be a different case:
  
 +
<Phrase>3663</Phrase>
 +
How should one really annnotate that one? ([[User:Dorothee|Dorothee]] 16:35, 15 December 2008 (CET))
  
−
Ex: "Dån la má smidá '''váttsá-tjit'''!" - "You are clever '''at walking'''!"  (Arnhild/Kristin)
 
  
  
 
'''Derivational or inflectional ??'''
 
'''Derivational or inflectional ??'''
  
−
Is it possible to say that the '''supinum''' marker is a derivational suffix ? It is mentioned among the '''ordavledninger'''
+
We would like to mention that the '''supinum''' is characterised as a derivational suffix in descriptive grammars of LS. It is mentioned among the '''ordavledninger''', the Norwegian word for word derivation.
−
in descriptive grammars?  (Kristin)
+
  
  
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'''Strong and weak verb stems'''
 
'''Strong and weak verb stems'''
  
−
Verbs in LS can either have a weak or a strong stem, so for example the verb ''wash'' has two stem forms
+
Verbs in LS can either have a weak or a strong stem, so for example the verb ''wash'' which has two stem forms
  
 
'''''basá'' and '' bassi'''''
 
'''''basá'' and '' bassi'''''
Line 173: Line 185:
 
the 1P, present tense is expressed as '''basá-v''' while the 1P past tense is '''bassi-v'''.
 
the 1P, present tense is expressed as '''basá-v''' while the 1P past tense is '''bassi-v'''.
  
−
We will use the tag '''WEAK''' and '''STRONG''' to distinguish these two forms.
+
We will use the tag '''WEAK''' and '''STRONG''' to distinguish these two different types of verb stems.
  
 
====Grammatical Changes====
 
====Grammatical Changes====

Latest revision as of 21:57, 7 October 2015

Documenting Lule Sami is a pilot study for the in-depth manual annotation of written Lule Sami (for more information about the project itself see Annotation_of_representative_texts_from_Lule_Sami_-_An_NTNU_project). The study was conducted by Dorothee Beermann (see also About TypeCraft) at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology [1]. The project started in Mai 2008 and ended in December 2008. Under About Lule Sami you find a short introduction to the Lule Sami language; there you also find references to other relevant links about the Sami and their language.

Lule Sami is a morphologically rich, highly inflected and very often fusional language which makes its in-depth morpho-syntactic annotation an interesting, yet at the same time a difficult and very time-consuming task. None of the texts we have collected has been annotated before, and since Lule Sami is, with fewer than 1,500 speakers in Norway and Sweden, of which only a few speak Lule Sami as their first language, one of the highly endangered languages in Europe, it is important that efforts in documenting Lule Sami are made now.

Below we discuss some of the issues that were raised during the annotation process.

The inner room.jpg


Annotating Lule Sami - Questions and some answers

Categories and Functions

ADJ and N

Anders Kintel writes:

"Vi gjør oppmerksom på at de fleste adjektiv i samisk kan også fungere som substantiv og også motsatt, derfor står det ikke alltid en markering bak ordet som tilsier at dette er et adjektiv eller et substantiv".

Here a free translation:

We would like to draw attention to the fact that most adjectives in Sami can function as nouns, as well as nouns can function as adjectives; therefore not always a specification [n. or adj.] is given after the word that expresses that this is an adjective or a noun.

Reference: Kintel A. Lulesamisk-norsk. Ajluokta /Drag, Biehtsemanon 2005. Unpublished manuscript.


An example of how we have annotated de-adjectival and other derivational lexemes comes from one of the texts from the TypeCraft database.

In the example below we annotate vuorra meaning old on the POS tier as N:


Várrá vuolgget, guollit ja vuorrasij siegen tjåhkkåhit ja gulldalit gå subtsasti…
“Walk the mountains, go fishing, and sit with the elders listening to their stories... ”
Várrá
várrá
mountainNOMSG
N
vuolgget
vuolgget
goINF
Vitr
guollit
guollit
fishN>VINF
Vitr
ja
ja
and
CONJC
vuorrasij
vuorrasij
old GENPL
N
siegen
siegen
withINESSSG
Nspat
tjåhkkåhit
tjåhkkåhit
sitDURINF
Vitr
ja
ja
and
CONJC
gulldalit
gulldalit
listenDURINF
 
gå
gå
when
COMP
subtsasti…
subtsasti…
taleN>V3PLPRES
Vitr

In the case of vuorro we in fact do find derivational morphology. The -s in vuorra-s [vuorrasa] marks the noun as derived. The -s is followed by case inflection. Clearly, the function of vuorra is that of a noun, and accordingly it has been inflected for case.

In general we will assign POS categories according to the function that a word has in a given context. On the glossing tier we will in addition indicate the word's derivation. For example in cases where the suffix -s reflects nominalization, we will provide the ADJ-> N tag in the gloss line.


Notice that we use the gloss tags ATT for attributive forms and PRED for predicative forms of the adjective. Some forms are equal morphologically, in this case we will only use the POS tier to indicate the adjective status.


V > N (Kristin): I think it is NOT enough to annotate V > N, V > V, etc. We should mark every derivation with what kind of N derivation it is. I have written something about it below:

In the phrase below the word for temptation is derived from the verb 'watch/look, which in LS is gähttjalibmáj. When we decompose this word we get: gæhttjat+V+TV+Der1+Der/l+V+Actio+Der2+Der/ibme+N+Sg+Ill

Consider the following phrase:

Ja ale mijáv gæhttjalibmáj lájddi, ájnat várjjala mijáv bahás.
“And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: ”
Ja
ja
and
CONJC
ale
ale
notIMP2SG
 
mijáv
mijávv
us1PLACC
PN
gæhttjalibmáj
gæhttjalibmáj
watch/lookDIMFREQV>NILLSG
N
lájddi
lájddi
leadIMP2SG
Vtr
ájnat
ájnat
but
CONJS
várjjala
várjjala
deliverIMP2SG
 
mijáv
mijáv
us1PLACC
PN
bahás
bahás
evilELATSG
N

In descriptive Sami grammars the nominalizer li is called Actio. The nominalizer seems to be internally complex: -li- i gæhttja-li-t = subjunctive-FREQ

(Dorothee) At this point it is not clear which subtypes of nominalizing suffixes we should distinguish. Should we for example introduce NMLZ.actio and other subtypes of nominalizer. How useful would that be? Perhaps we should wait until we have a clearer overview over which categories are needed, and try to use the tags of the type V>N etc. for the time being.


V > Adj but how about ADJ->V

In the phrase below we need the tag ADJ->V

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.
“ ”
Dá
dá
theseNOMPL
DEM
bale
bale
timeGENSG
N
bessin
bessin
be_allowed3PLPAST
Vitr
oahppe
oahppe
pupilNOMPL
N
vehi
vehi
little
ADVm
oahpásmuvvat
oahpásmuvvat
  get_to_beINF
Vtr
doarromuseajn
doarromuseajn
warNOMSGmuseumwithCOMITSG
N
Narvijkan
Narvijkan
NarvikatINESSSG
Np
ja
ja
and
CONJC
sáme
sáme
SaamiGENSG
N
ásadusáj
ásadusáj
arrangemetmedCOMITPL
N
Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhken
river_bendatINESSSG
Np
åvdås
åvdås
before
 
vádtsájin
vádtsájin
leave3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat: oahpás- is an ADJ ('oahpás-' in compounds, 'oahpes' (ATT) otherwise)

(Kristin): It should be possible to note somewhere that verb(s) can be derived from adjectives. Maybe there should be one more level for derivations only? Also, the translation is of no help: while oahpás- is an ADJ in ATT form, known is a V in PERF.PART form. Translation gives us only sketchy semantics.

(Dorothee): UPS yes, we need the tag ADJ->V


PRON.POSS vs. PRON

Áhttje mijá guhti le almen.
“Our Father which art in Heaven,”
Áhttje
áhttje
fatherNOMSG
N
mijá
mij
ourGENPL
PN
guhti
guhti
whoNOMSG
PROint
le
le
is3SGPRES
COP
almen
almen
heaveninINESSSG
N

Above is a nominal construction where the possessive pronoun follows the noun. Possessive pronouns may also precede the noun.

Question: Are both syntactic pattern in free distribution? Is one of the two constructions preferred? So do we find one of the constructions more often in our texts?

Why really should we use only PRON when the possessive is used attributive, but PRON.POSS when it is used as modifier?.

VERBAL FORMS
more verbal tags...

While annotating verb forms in Lule Sami we noticed that TypeCraft did not provide all the tags we needed. In the following we exemplify some of the verb forms, and discuss the right use of tags.

Please see the updated list of gloss tags Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/ (Dorothee 15:51, 15 December 2008 (CET))

GERUND we need two tags for two distinct gerunds:

Gerund I

expresses: 'while'..., 'at the same time as'... Gerund I expresses the partial overlap of two events.

sån oaddá-j bårå-dijn = he fell asleep while eating

jåhte-t -> jåde-dijn = while moving

tjieggi-t -> tjieggi-dijn = while traveling

tjåhkani-t -> tjåhkana-ttjin= while assembling

Note: -dijn is used after the last vowel of the week stem of a pair-syllabic verb or after the last vowel of the stem of a contracted verb. -ttjinis used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb (the last stem vowel changes to '-a').

Gerund II

expresses: someone is doing something, or something is going on, or something has started but is not finished. The Gerund II is build through the use of the auxiliary liehke-t (to be).

sån la låhkå-min = he is reading

-min - used after the last vowel of the strong stem of a pair-syllabic verb

Ex: sån la goarro-min (= she is sewing)

- used after the last vowel of a contract verb:

Ex: sån la guolli-min (= she is fishing)

-me - used after the last vowel of an unpair-syllabic verb

Ex: sån la malesti-me (= he is cooking) (all examples from Spiik) (Kristin)

Imperative

Also here we need two distinct tags to distinguish between

IMP.1 which expresses a direct order.

IMP.2 which expresses a strong wish or suggestion


INCHOATIVE

In the gloss tier we need a tag for inchoative verbs. Here an example:

Hyhto sisi manájma ja jus riekta de oaddát galgajma, valla ejma ájn ájgo.
“We went inside the cabin and, if doing right, then we would go to sleep, but we did not yet intend to do that.”
Hyhto
hyhto
cabinGENSG
N
sisi
sisi
insideILLSG
Nspat
manájma
manájma
goPAST1PL
Vitr
ja
ja
and
CONJC
jus
jus
if
CONJS
riekta
riekta
right
ADVm
de
de
then
CONJS
oaddát
oaddát
sleepINCEPINF
Vitr
galgajma
galgajma
shallPAST1PL
AUX
valla
valla
but
CONJC
ejma
ejma
notNEGPAST1PL
Vtr
ájn
ájn
yet
ADVtemp
ájgo
ájgo
intendNEG
PTCP

oaddá-t er inchoative of oade-t.

Done. Look at Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/ (Dorothee 14:20, 15 December 2008 (CET))

Phonologically inchoatives are marked by a fortification of the consonant cluster and lengthening of the last vowel in the stem.

NEGATIVE VERBS

The tag Vneg in the POS tier is needed. Please see the list of gloss tags Special:TypeCraft/GlossTags/

Supinum
Iŋŋgá: Mån dal biejav mállásav duoldatjit.
“Inggá: I now put the dinner to cook.”
Iŋŋga:
Iŋŋgá:
Inggá:NOMSG
Np
Mån
mån
I1SGNOM
PN
dal
dal
now
ADVtemp
biejav
biejav
put1SGPRES
Vtr
mállásav
mállásav
dinnerACCSG
N
duoldatjit
duoldatjit
cookforINF
V


How should one annotate the suffix -tji in the above sentence. User:Kristin had suggested to use 'supinum'. The supinum is one of the infinite forms of LS next to the infinitive, the gerund, the participle and possibly others. In the examples above the suffix -tji was first annotated as supinum and the the -t as an infinitive marker, which did not make to much sense. User:Kristin then suggested that 'supinum' is tjit and as such an infinite marker. At present we have an annotation as shown in the example above.

The examples below illustrates the supinum

Ex: "Dån la má smidá váttsá-tjit!" - "You are clever at walking!"

It seems that most instances of infinitives so far occur after modal verbs, yet here seems to be a different case:

Mån galgav suhkkát sájdev bivdátjit.
“I shall row out to fish pollock.”
Mån
mån
I1SGNOM
PN
galgav
galgav
shall1SGPRES
AUX
suhkkát
suhkkát
rowINF
Vitr
sájdev
sájdev
pollockACCSG
N
bivdátjit
bivdátjit
fishto
 

How should one really annnotate that one? (Dorothee 16:35, 15 December 2008 (CET))


Derivational or inflectional ??

We would like to mention that the supinum is characterised as a derivational suffix in descriptive grammars of LS. It is mentioned among the ordavledninger, the Norwegian word for word derivation.


Strong and weak verb stems

Verbs in LS can either have a weak or a strong stem, so for example the verb wash which has two stem forms

basá and bassi

the 1P, present tense is expressed as basá-v while the 1P past tense is bassi-v.

We will use the tag WEAK and STRONG to distinguish these two different types of verb stems.

Grammatical Changes

LS is changing...

Dá bale bessin oahppe vehi oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn Narvijkan ja sáme ásadusáj Jåhkåmåhken åvdås vádtsájin.
“ ”
Dá
dá
theseNOMPL
DEM
bale
bale
timeGENSG
N
bessin
bessin
be_allowed3PLPAST
Vitr
oahppe
oahppe
pupilNOMPL
N
vehi
vehi
little
ADVm
oahpásmuvvat
oahpásmuvvat
  get_to_beINF
Vtr
doarromuseajn
doarromuseajn
warNOMSGmuseumwithCOMITSG
N
Narvijkan
Narvijkan
NarvikatINESSSG
Np
ja
ja
and
CONJC
sáme
sáme
SaamiGENSG
N
ásadusáj
ásadusáj
arrangemetmedCOMITPL
N
Jåhkåmåhken
Jåhkåmåhken
river_bendatINESSSG
Np
åvdås
åvdås
before
 
vádtsájin
vádtsájin
leave3PLPAST
Vitr

oahpásmuvvat doarromuseajn

According to grammars of LS - oahpásmuvvat takes ILL, but in the example sentence above it is used with a COMIT case. This leads to a change in meaning:

- muvva-t: used with ILL: the meaning is: get to know (people and concrete things), get accustomed to, get experience with, get familiar with.

(- tuvva-t used with COMIT the meaning is: learn to know). (Kristin)

Translation of place names

In English (as in other languages too - but not so much in Norwegian..) it is quite normal to translate proper names, e.g. München > Munich, Firenze > Florence, København > Copenhagen, etc.

Lule Sami place names have been translated into Norwegian, such as:

Ájluokta-Drag; Gásluokta-Kjøpsvik; Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino; Divttasvuodna-Tysfjord, etc.

In Norway place names have officially a Sami and a Norwegian name, and the Sami name is used when writing in Sami, while the Norwegian one is used when writing in Norwegian.

As for free translation into English this could mean that we either use the Sami name, since we translate from Sami, or that we use the Norwegian name, since the Norwegian name is also internationally better known.

Which one should it be?

SÁMI - SAMI - SAAMI

(Kristin): I just talked with the employee at the museum at Arran who has the responsibility for the exibitions, Anne Kalstad Mikkelsen. She has checked the spelling of sáme with the Norvegian Sami Parliament. The Sami Parliament has decided that sáme is to be written Sami in English. So the museum has to follow this norm.

So - we should then follow the same norm! (Shouldn't we?)

(Dorothee): Definitely !

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