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Sentence syntax - Norwegian

Revision as of 15:08, 26 December 2015 by Lars Hellan (Talk | contribs) (Main sentence patterns)

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Main sentence patterns

The basic shape of a Norwegian clause can be depicted as follows. The subject precedes the verb, objects immediately follow the verb and precede any oblique arguments or adverbials; when there are two objects, the indirect object is the one occurring closest to the main verb. Case is marked only on personal pronouns, with a subject – non-subject distinction. Subject and Main Verb (marked in boldface) are generally necessary for making a grammatically wellformed clause.

 (I)  Subject  Vmain  IndirectObject  DirectObject  Oblique   Adverbial


(1) Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain IndirectObject DirectObject Adverbial ]:

Jeg skjenker deg et sverd før slaget.
“I give you a sword before the battle”
Jeg
jeg
1SGNOM
PN
skjenker
skjenker
givePRES
V
deg
deg
2SGACC
PN
et
et
INDEFNEUTSG
ART
sverd
sverd
sword
N
før
før
before
PREP
slaget
slaget
battleNEUTSGDEF
N
Subject     Vmain           Indir.Obj.   DirectObject                    Adverbial


(2) Example with the pattern [ Subject Vmain Oblique Adverbial ]:

Jeg snakket om henne etter slaget.
“I talked about her after the battle”
Jeg
jeg
1SGNOM
PN
snakket
snakket
talkPRET
V
om
om
about
PREP
henne
henne
3SGFEMACC
PN
etter
etter
after
PREP
slaget
slaget
battleNEUTSGDEF
N
Subject      Vmain                         Oblique                          Adverbial

Grammar traditions often classify sentence constituents according to whether they are 'required', or 'valence bound', by the main verb; those that are, are often called arguments, and those that are not, adjuncts. (Traditions often suggest that constituents fall neatly into one or the other category, and that no further alternatives obtain, both of these assumptions may be questionable.) Among the constituents shown above, subject, object (both types) and oblique are commonly considered as arguments relative to the main verb, while adverbials, whether in final, fronted or nexal position (see below) are adjuncts.

Auxiliary verbs and main verbs

There is a functional distinction between main verbs and auxiliary verbs: main verbs are those that can carry a sentence by themselves, while auxiliary verbs may come in addition to the main verb, and cannot (generally) carry a sentence by themselves. Auxiliary verbs precede the main verb. There are three auxiliary categories: modals, perfective auxiliary and passive auxiliary. 'Modals' comprises the auxiliaries ville ('would'), skulle ('should'), måtte ('must'), burde ('ought'), kunne ('could'); these items can occur alone or in combination. Ha is the perfect auxiliary, and bli the passive auxiliary. The order among these items is rigid. Vmain subsumes full verbs and copulas. Of copulas there are two, være ('be') and bli ('become') (distinct from, but obviously related to the passive auxiliary).


For all of these verb categories, there are six possible forms of inflection, exemplified in one of these conjugational patterns, the -et pattern (see Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian for all the patterns):

- infinitive (in the -et pattern having a form ending in -e)

- imperative (with a form relating to an e-infinitive by dropping the -e)

- present (with a form relating to an e-infinitive by adding -r)

- past (with a form relating to an e-infinitive by adding -t)

- past participle (with a form identical to the past form)

- present participle (with a form relating to an e-infinitive by adding -nde).

Of these forms, the present and the past are called finite forms, while the infinitive and the participles are called non-finite forms. These are considered contrasts along the dimension of Tense. Imperative is a value along the Mode dimension, and in the verbal morphology, all the other forms mentioned represent Indicative. No further values of Mode are expressed in the verbal morphology in Norwegian (but can be expressed by other means). A further category often realized in languages' verbal morphology is Aspect; however, Norwegian has no verbal inflectional form for aspectual values (but they can be expressed by other means). Finally, the category of Voice is reflected in Norwegian verb morphology through an affix -s being used in Passive while the forms without -s count as Active. Relative to the -et pattern, the forms listed above are thus active, while the corresponding passive forms are shaped as follows; only Vmain can have these inflections:

- infinitive passive (in the -et pattern) having a form relating to an e-infinitive by adding -s

- present passive being like infinitive passive

- past passive (in the -et pattern) having a form relating to an e-infinitive by adding -des (not much used).

(Notably, as mentioned, for expressing passive, Norwegian also has a 'periphrastic' strategy with bli plus participle.)

These categories are connected to the sentence schema as follows:

- The first verb in a sentence is finite, whichever of the verb categories occurs first.

- The verb immediately following a modal is in infinitive form.

- The verb immediately following the auxiliary ha or the auxilary bli is in the past participle form.

It is possible for a modal to follow another modal, and a modal can follow ha, but not bli. Thus, a pattern like (II) is possible:

 (II)  Subject  Modal   ha   Modal   bli   Vmain  IndirectObject  DirectObject  Oblique   Adverbial

Here are examples:

(3) Finite verb only:

Hun kommer.
“she comes”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
kommer
kommer
comePRES
V


(4) Finite verb first, past participle after ha:

Hun har kommet.
“she has come”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
har
har
havePRES
AUX
kommet
kommet
comePRFPTCP
V


(5) Finite verb first, infinitive form after Modal, past participle after ha:

Hun må ha kommet.
“she must have come”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
mustPRESMOD
AUX
ha
ha
haveINF
AUX
kommet
kommet
comePRFPTCP
V


(6) Finite verb first, followed by two modals each with an infinitive form following, and then past participle after ha:

Hun vil måtte ha kommet.
“it will be the case that she must have come”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
vil
vil
willPRESMOD
AUX
måtte
måtte
mustINFMOD
AUX
ha
ha
haveINF
AUX
kommet
kommet
comePRFPTCP
V


(7) A 'maximal' example of auxiliary sequencing:

Hun vil skulle kunne ha måttet bli skjenket et sverd.
“it will be the case that it ought to be the case that it has been possible that it has been necessary that a sword has been given to her”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
vil
vil
willPRESMOD
AUX
skulle
skulle
shallINFMOD
AUX
kunne
kunne 
couldINFMOD 
AUX
ha
ha
haveINF
AUX
måttet
måttet
mustPRFMODPTCP
AUX
bli
bli
beINF
AUX
skjenket
skjenket
givePRFPTCP
V
et
et
aINDEFNEUTSG
ART
sverd
sverd
sword
N


Placement of adverbial constituents, and differences between main and subordinate clauses

Relative to the above schema, adverbial elements, in addition to the final position, can also occur adjacent to the finite verb, a position often referred to as the nexus position. At this point there is a distinction between main and subordinate clauses: in a main clause, the adverbial comes after the finite verb, in subordinate clauses before the finite verb. (See also Sentence adverbials in Norwegian.)

(8) Time adverbial in nexal position in main clause:

Hun har idag hoppet.
“she today has jumped”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
har
har
havePRES
AUX
idag
idag
today
ADVtemp
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRFPTCP
V

(9) Negation adverbial in nexal position in main clause:

Hun har ikke hoppet.
“she has not jumped”
Hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
har
har
havePRES
AUX
ikke
ikke
NEG
ADVneg
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRFPTCP
 

(10) Time adverbial in nexal position in subordinate clause:

Jeg vet at hun idag har hoppet.
“I know that she has jumped today”
Jeg
jeg
1SG
PN
vet
vet
PRES
V
at
at
that
COMP
hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
idag
idag
today
ADVtemp
har
har
havePRES
AUX
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRFPTCP
V

(11) Negation adverbial in nexal position in subordinate clause:

Jeg vet at hun ikke har hoppet idag.
“I know that she hasn't jumped today”
Jeg
jeg
1SG
N
vet
vet
knowPRES
V
at
at
thatDECL
COMP
hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
ikke
ikke
NEG
ADVneg
har
har
havePRES
AUX
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRFPTCP
V
idag
idag
today
ADVm


For declarative clauses, another distinction between main and subordinate clauses is that in main clauses, the initial position can be held by an adverbial element or a topicalized element, where in either case the subject is then moved behind the finite verb; this is generally referred to as Subject-Verb Inversion. (See Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian.)

(12) Fronted adverbial in declarative main clause, with Subject-Verb Inversion:

Idag har hun hoppet langt.
“today she has jumped far”
Idag
idag
today
ADVtemp
har
har
havePRES
AUX
hun
hun
3SGFEM
PN
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRFPTCP
V
langt
langt
 
ADV

(13) Topicalized noun phrase in declarative main clause, with Subject-Verb Inversion:

Gaver skjenket hun ham hver dag.
“gifts she gave him every day”
Gaver
gaver
giftPL
N
skjenket
skjenket
givePRET
V
hun
hun
she3SGFEMNOM
N
ham
ham
3SGMASCACC
PN
hver
hver
everyCOMMSG
QUANT
dag
dag
day
N


In subordinate declarative clauses no such fronted position is available, however, these clauses are standardly introduced by a complementizer, such as at when the clause serves as an argument relative to the verb.

Interrogative clauses

Interrogative clauses come in two varieties, yes-no-questions and constituent questions, the latter inquiring about the value of a constituent of the sentence, the former inquiring about the truth-value of the entire sentence. When occurring as main interrogative clauses, yes-no-questions are marked by Subject-Verb Inversion but with no element fronted, while constituent questions are marked by fronting of a constituent carrying the morphological shape of an interrogative constituent, namely the initial letters hv- - what may be referred to as the questioned constituent -, and Subject-Verb Inversion.

(14) Main clause yes-no-question:

Hoppet du?
“did you jump?”
Hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRET
V
du?
du?
2SG
PN

(15) Main clause constituent question:

Hva skjenket du henne?
“what did you give her?”
Hva
hva
whatNEUTSGQ
PROint
skjenket
skjenket
givePRET
V
du
du
2SGNOM
PN
henne?
henne?
3SGFEMACC
PN


When occurring as subordinate interrogative clauses, the counterpart of yes-no-questions are marked by the complementizers om or hvorvidt, and no inversion, while constituent questions are marked by a clause initial occurrence of the questioned constituent (marked by hv-), and no inversion.

(16) Subordinate clause yes-no-question:

Vi gjetter om du hoppet.
“we are guessing whether you jumped”
Vi
vi
1PL
PN
gjetter
gjetter
 PRES
V
om
om
about
PREP
du
du
you2SG
PN
hoppet
hoppet
jumpPRET
V

(17) Subordinate clause constituent question:

Vi gjettet hva du hadde skjenket henne.
“we guessed what you had given her”
Vi
vi
1PL
PN
gjettet
gjettet
guessPRET
V
hva
hva
what3SGNEUTQ
PROint
du
du
2SGNOM
PN
hadde
hadde
havePRET
V
skjenket
skjenket
givePRFPTCP
V
henne
henne
3SGFEMACC
PN


Thus, all varieties of subordinate clauses have the constituent order shown above, preceded by a complementizer or a hv-constituent, but without Subject-Verb Inversion, whereas all interrogative main clauses have inversion, and likewise declarative main clauses with a fronted adverbial or topicalized constituent. Main constituent questions likewise have a fronted element (the questioned constituent), while main yes-no questions simply start with the (finite) verb. The nexus position for adverbials in all subordinate clauses is immediately before the finite verb, in main clauses immediately after the finite verb.

Infinitival clauses

Structurally close to the types of subordinate clauses now described - to be called finite subordinate clauses - are infinitival clauses: these are introduced by the infinitival marker å, they have no subject, and their first verb is in infinitive. They otherwise have the same internal build-up as finite subordinate clauses. (There is one restriction: in Norwegian, infinitival clauses can not have interrogative function, in contrast to English, for instance, and so they never have fronted hv-elements or interrogative complementizers.)

(18) Infinitival clause exhibiting clausal structure:

Jeg snakker om å måtte bli skjenket et sverd.
“I talk about having to be given a sword”
Jeg
jeg
1SG
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
om
om
about
PREP
å
å
toINF
COMP
måtte
måtte
mustINF
AUX
bli
bli
beINF
AUX
skjenket
skjenket
givePRFPTCP
V
et
et
aINDEFNEUTSG
ART
sverd
sverd
sword
N


Given this parallellism, we will subsume finite and infinitival subordinate clauses alike under the notion subordinate clauses. (Other languages also display subordinate structures built around participial forms, those built around present participles often called gerunds, and those built around past participles as absolutives; since these types only to a very limited extent can be used in Norwegian, we don't include them in this enumeration.)


Subordinate clauses in or as adverbial constituents

Subordinate clauses, whether finite or infinitival, can serve as either arguments or adjuncts, and as arguments, in all of the functions mentioned above. When serving as adjuncts/adverbials, they mostly do so as complements to a preposition, but for finite subordinate clauses, there are also specific complementizers dedicated to signaling time, place, reason and other connections that the clause may express relative to the main verb.

(19) Adverbial subordinate clause with temporal reading:

Han snakker mens han spiser.
“he talks while he eats”
Han
han
3SGMASC
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
mens
mens
while
COMP
han
han
3SGMASC
PN
spiser
spiser
eatPRES
V

(20) Adverbial subordinate clause with causal reading:

Han snakker fordi han spiser.
“he talks because he eats”
Han
han
3SGMASC
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
fordi
fordi
because
COMP
han
han
3SGMASC
PN
spiser
spiser
eatPRES
 


The possibility for subordinate clauses to be governed by a preposition is also essential when they serve as obliques.

(21) Oblique with finite subordinate clause governed by a preposition:

Han snakker om at jeg sover.
“he talks about my sleeping”
Han
han
3SGMASC
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
om
om
about
PREP
at
at
that
COMP
jeg
jeg
1SG
PN
sover
sover
sleepPRES
V

(22) Oblique with infinitival subordinate clause governed by a preposition:

Han snakker om å sove.
“he talks about sleeping”
Han
han
he3SGMASC
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
om
om
about
PREP
å
å
toINF
COMP
sove
sove
sleepINF
V


Related pages

Verb Complementation - Norwegian.

The Noun Phrase - Norwegian.

Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian.

Sentence adverbials in Norwegian

Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian



--Lars Hellan (talk) 18:40, 25 December 2015 (CET)