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Difference between revisions of "Infinitives in Norwegian"

(Created page with "Structurally close to the types of subordinate clauses now described - which may all be called ''finite'' subordinate clauses - are '''infinitival clauses''': these are introd...")
 
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Structurally close to the types of subordinate clauses now described - which may all be called ''finite'' subordinate clauses - are '''infinitival clauses''': these are introduced by the infinitival marker '''''å''''', they have no subject, and their ''first'' verb is in ''infinitive''. They otherwise have the same internal build-up as finite subordinate clauses, and can serve as constituent or part of constituent in a clause, as in the following example, where the infinitival clause serves as part of the '''Oblique''' constrituent ''om å måtte bli skjenket et sverd'': 
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This page relates to the application '''A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer''', see [[A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer]].
  
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(18)  Infinitival clause exhibiting clausal structure:
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On clicking on the icon below, you will come to the Sparrer: 
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[[File:Troll1.jpeg‎|100px|link=http://regdili.hf.ntnu.no:8081/studentAce/parse]],
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Instructions for its use are found at [[Classroom:Norwegian Grammar Checking]]
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===Infinitives===
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The notion ''infinitive'' can be used referring both to a given type of ''form'' of a verb, and to certain types of verb constructions, or clauses.
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Uses of the ''form'' ''infinitive'' are described in [[Sentence syntax - Norwegian]], section '''''Auxiliary verbs and main verbs'''''.
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'''Infinitival clauses''' are introduced by the infinitival marker '''''å''''', they have no subject, and their ''first'' verb is in ''infinitive'' form. They otherwise have the same internal build-up as finite subordinate clauses, and can serve as constituent or part of constituent in a clause, as in the following example, where the infinitival clause serves as part of the '''Oblique''' constrituent ''om å måtte bli skjenket et sverd'': 
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(1)  Infinitival clause exhibiting clausal structure:
 
<Phrase>23136</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>23136</Phrase>
 
                                   Inf-mark  Modal      Passive  Vmain                DirectObject
 
                                   Inf-mark  Modal      Passive  Vmain                DirectObject
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Infinitival forms following ''modals'' are also not preceded by '''å'''. Further types of occurrence of infinitives without '''å''' are seen in constructions like the following.
 
Infinitival forms following ''modals'' are also not preceded by '''å'''. Further types of occurrence of infinitives without '''å''' are seen in constructions like the following.
  
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In (19), the 'omission' of '''å''' may be seen as connected to the governing verb ''be'' ('ask'), contrasting for instance with the otherwise parallel verb ''befale'' ('order'), which requires '''å''', as in ''Jeg befaler deg å komme'' ('I order you to come').
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In (2), the 'omission' of '''å''' may be seen as connected to the governing verb ''be'' ('ask'), contrasting for instance with the otherwise parallel verb ''befale'' ('order'), which requires '''å''', as in ''Jeg befaler deg å komme'' ('I order you to come').
  
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(19)
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(2)
 
<Phrase>422022</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422022</Phrase>
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The pattern in (3) is used by a small group of verbs like ''se'' ('see'), ''høre'' ('hear'), ''føle'' ('feel'), ''kjenne'' ('sense'):
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(3)
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<Phrase>422023</Phrase>
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In both cases, what follows the main verb has a clausal content, that is, 'I ask her ''that she comes'' ' in (2) and 'I see ''that she comes'' ' in (3). Although infinitive clauses with clausal content generally use the '''å'''-marker, there are thus some verb-dependent cases where this is not so.
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The infinitive marker '''å''', corresponding to English ''to'', is pronounced in the same way as the coordination marker '''og''', corresponding to English ''and''. They cannot be used one for the other. (See also [[Coordination marking in Norwegian]].)
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An extensive overview of infinitival constructions can be downloaded here:
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[[File:PDFdownload.jpeg|thumb|50px|left|[[Media:Norwegian infinitive constructions Sept082014.pdf| Hellan, L.: Infinitive construction types in Norwegian. An inventory. Sept. 04, 2014 ''']]]]
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===Related pages===
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[[Sentence syntax - Norwegian]]
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[[Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian]]
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[[Sentence adverbials in Norwegian]]
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[[Verb Complementation - Norwegian]]
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[[Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian]]
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[[Definite determiners in Norwegian]]
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[[Personal pronouns in Norwegian]]
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[[Reflexives - Norwegian]]
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[[The Noun Phrase - Norwegian]]
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[[Agreement in Norwegian noun phrases]]
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[[Possessive constructions in Norwegian]]
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[[Gender in Norwegian nouns]]
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[[Coordination marking in Norwegian]]
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[[Reflexive verbs in Norwegian]]
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[[Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian]]
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--[[User:Lars Hellan|Lars Hellan]] ([[User talk:Lars Hellan|talk]]) 22:22, 28 January 2016 (CET)
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[[Category:Norwegian Grammar]]
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Latest revision as of 19:32, 23 April 2016

This page relates to the application A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer, see A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer.

On clicking on the icon below, you will come to the Sparrer:

Troll1.jpeg,

Instructions for its use are found at Classroom:Norwegian Grammar Checking


Infinitives

The notion infinitive can be used referring both to a given type of form of a verb, and to certain types of verb constructions, or clauses.

Uses of the form infinitive are described in Sentence syntax - Norwegian, section Auxiliary verbs and main verbs.

Infinitival clauses are introduced by the infinitival marker å, they have no subject, and their first verb is in infinitive form. They otherwise have the same internal build-up as finite subordinate clauses, and can serve as constituent or part of constituent in a clause, as in the following example, where the infinitival clause serves as part of the Oblique constrituent om å måtte bli skjenket et sverd:

(1) Infinitival clause exhibiting clausal structure:

Jeg snakker om å måtte bli skjenket et sverd.
“I talk about having to be given a sword”
Jeg
jeg
1SG
PN
snakker
snakker
talkPRES
V
om
om
about
PREP
å
å
toINF
COMP
måtte
måtte
mustINF
AUX
bli
bli
beINF
AUX
skjenket
skjenket
givePRFPTCP
V
et
et
aINDEFNEUTSG
ART
sverd
sverd
sword
N
                                  Inf-mark  Modal      Passive   Vmain                 DirectObject
Subject Vmain            Oblique

Given this parallellism, one may subsume finite and infinitival subordinate clauses alike under the notion subordinate clauses. (Other languages also display subordinate structures built around participial forms, those built around present participles often called gerunds, and those built around past participles as absolutives; since these types only to a very limited extent can be used in Norwegian, we don't include them in this enumeration.)

Not all occurences of infinitives count as clauses: the occurrences of infinitival forms following modals (see above) are not counted as constituting separate clauses.

Infinitival forms following modals are also not preceded by å. Further types of occurrence of infinitives without å are seen in constructions like the following.

In (2), the 'omission' of å may be seen as connected to the governing verb be ('ask'), contrasting for instance with the otherwise parallel verb befale ('order'), which requires å, as in Jeg befaler deg å komme ('I order you to come').

(2)

Jeg ber henne komme
“I ask her to come”
Jeg
jeg
1sg
PN
ber
ber
askPRES
V
henne
henne
3sg.FemOBJACC
PN
komme
komme
comeINF
V


The pattern in (3) is used by a small group of verbs like se ('see'), høre ('hear'), føle ('feel'), kjenne ('sense'):

(3)

Jeg ser henne komme
“I see her coming”
Jeg
jeg
1sg
PN
ser
ser
seePRES
V
henne
henne
3sg.FemOBJACC
PN
komme
komme
comeINF
V


In both cases, what follows the main verb has a clausal content, that is, 'I ask her that she comes ' in (2) and 'I see that she comes ' in (3). Although infinitive clauses with clausal content generally use the å-marker, there are thus some verb-dependent cases where this is not so.

The infinitive marker å, corresponding to English to, is pronounced in the same way as the coordination marker og, corresponding to English and. They cannot be used one for the other. (See also Coordination marking in Norwegian.)


An extensive overview of infinitival constructions can be downloaded here:


Hellan, L.: Infinitive construction types in Norwegian. An inventory. Sept. 04, 2014








Related pages

Sentence syntax - Norwegian

Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian

Sentence adverbials in Norwegian

Verb Complementation - Norwegian

Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian

Definite determiners in Norwegian

Personal pronouns in Norwegian

Reflexives - Norwegian

The Noun Phrase - Norwegian

Agreement in Norwegian noun phrases

Possessive constructions in Norwegian

Gender in Norwegian nouns

Coordination marking in Norwegian

Reflexive verbs in Norwegian

Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian


--Lars Hellan (talk) 22:22, 28 January 2016 (CET)

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