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Classroom:The word KU in Runyankore-Rukiga

Revision as of 08:12, 14 April 2011 by Franciane Rocha (Talk | contribs)

This page was created as an in-classroom exercise in LING 2208, NTNU


Author: Franciane Rocha

Author: Misah Natumanya


This page examines the grammatical function of the word "ku" in Runyankore-Rukiga. The data is the result of Typecraft's phrase search done on March 18, 2011.


KU as a word in Runyankore-Rukiga works as a conjunction:

We found 46 phrases in which Ku has the function of a conjunction. Some of them are glossed only as CONJ and others have more specific information and are glossed as CONJS and its subcategories namely COMP, REL and ADV.

In this research will be used the information about of conjunction and its subcategories provided by the Glossary of Linguistic Terms of SIL - Summer Institute of Linguistics [1]. The relation between COnjunctions and its subcategories can be summarized in the diagram below:

Ku as only CONJ

30 of our tokens are glossed only as conjunction (CONJ) As in:

Ku naahikire ahari Butunduuzi, emotoka ereemerera obwe ku baabarareebaga emotoka ereemerera baija kureeba omufu!
“When i arrived at Butunduuzi, and then whenever the car stopped, they would come to see the dead-person.”
Ku
ku
when
CONJ
naahikire
naahikire
1SGPASTrmreachPFV
V
ahari
ahari
IVatSPTL
ADJatt
Butunduuzi
butunduuzi
 
Np
emotoka
emotoka
IVcar
N
ereemerera
eraemerera
AGRPTCPstopFV
V
obwe
obwe
then
CONJ
ku
ku
when
CONJ
baabarareebaga
baabarareebaga
3PLPASTrm3PLPTCPseeFVEMPH
V
emotoka
emotoka
IVcar
N
ereemerera
ereemerera
AGRPTCPstopFV
V
baija
baija
3PLcomeFV
V
kureeba
kureeba
INFsee
V
omufu!
omufu!
IV1the-dead
 


KU as a CONJS

There were 8 tokens glossed more specifically as subordinative conjunction (CONJS):


And the rest of them were glosses according to the subcategories of subordinative conjunctios as follow:

KU as a COMP

5 annotations of KU being a complementizer (COMP):

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
Angira
angira
3SG1SGtellFV
V
ati
ati
that
CONJS
ku
ku
if
COMP
turaareebe
turaareebe
1PLPRESseeSBJV
V
yaarugamu
yaarugamu
 PREScomeFVLOC
V
na
na
with
PREP
boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi
officeboy
N
agyenzire
agyenzire
3SGgoPFV
V
nawe
nawe
withhim
PN
nka
nka
like
PRT
oku
oku
how
ADVm
ashangwa
ashangwa
3SGfindPASSFV
V
amutwara
amutwara
3SGSBJ3SGOBJtake 
V
obundi
obundi
perhaps
ADVm
tuzemu
tuzemu
1PLgoSBJVLOC
 
twihemu
twihemu
1PLgetSBJVLOC
V
obusente
obusente
IV14money
N
bwa
bwa
of
PREP
okurya
okurya
IVINFeatIND
 


KU as REL

1 case of KU working as a relativizer (REL):

Ku naaguzire hanu naahagura miriyoni emwe n’emitwaro makumi abiri, naashuba naareeba nti ku ntaamamarwa , naashuba naaguraho ekyemitwaro 50.
“I bought here one million two hundred thousand, I was not satisfied and bought another one at five hundred thousand shillings”
Ku
ku
CONJ
REL
naaguzire
naaguzire
1SGPASTimbuyPFV
V
hanu
hanu
16here
DEM
naahagura
naahagura
1SGPASTim16buyFV
V
miriyoni
miriyoni
million
NUM
emwe
emwe
IVone
ORD
n’emitwaro
n’emitwaro
CONJIV4ten-thousand
NUM
makumi-abiri
makumiabiri
 tentwenty
NUM
naashuba
naashuba
1SGPASTimrepeatFV
V
naareeba
naareeba
1SGPASTimseeFV
V
nti
nti
 
CONJ
ku
ku
REL
CONJ
ntaamarwa
ntaamarwa
1SGNEGIPFVfinishPASSFV
Vneg
naashuba
naashuba
1SGPASTimrepeatFV
V
naaguraho
naaguraho
1SGPASTimbuyFVLOC
V
ekyemitwaro
ekyemitwaro
IVofIV3ten-thousand
NUM
50
50
 
ORD


KU as an ADV

2 occurrences of KU glossed as an adverb (ADV)

However we are convinced that the annotator meant adverbializer as it would be the subcategory of subordinative conjunctions according to SIL's GLossary of Linguistic Terms [2]
  1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/
  2. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.
    Function NUMBER OF TOKENS
    CONJ 30
    CONJS 08
    COMP 05
    REL 01
    ADV 02


    In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

    KU- Initial position

    KU- Medial position
    Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
    “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
    Akangambira
    akangambira
    3SGIV1SGtellAPPLIND
    V
    ku
    ku
    that
    COMP
    naija
    naija
    3SGcomeIND
    V
    nyenkyakare
    nyenkyakare
    tomorrow
    ADVm


    The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:

    WHEN
    Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,
    “When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”
    Omwana
    omuana
    IV1child
    N
    ku
    ku
    when
    CONJ
    areeba
    areeba
    3SGseeFV
    V
    abantu
    abantu
    IV2people
    N
    omu
    omu
    in
    PREP
    katare
    katare
    market
    N
    baatandika
    baatandika
    2PASTimbeginFV
    V
    kwija
    kwija
    INFcomeFV
    V
    we
    we
    she
    PN
    nyina
    nyina
    mother
    N
    ayeyongyera
    ayeyongyera
    3SGcontinueFV
    V
    kuba
    kuba
    INFbe
    COP
    busy
    busy
    busy
    V
    aramanya
    aramanya
    3SG knowFV
    V
    ngu
    ngu
    that
    CONJ
     
    muena
    1all
    QUANT
    baakasitoma
    baakasitoma
    2customer
    N
    baayeyongyera
    baayeyongyera
    2PASTimincreaseFV
    V


    THAT
    Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
    “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
    Akangambira
    akangambira
    3SGIV1SGtellAPPLIND
    V
    ku
    ku
    that
    COMP
    naija
    naija
    3SGcomeIND
    V
    nyenkyakare
    nyenkyakare
    tomorrow
    ADVm


    IF
    Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
    “He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
    Angira
    angira
    3SG1SGtellFV
    V
    ati
    ati
    that
    CONJS
    ku
    ku
    if
    COMP
    turaareebe
    turaareebe
    1PLPRESseeSBJV
    V
    yaarugamu
    yaarugamu
     PREScomeFVLOC
    V
    na
    na
    with
    PREP
    boyoofiisi
    boyoofiisi
    officeboy
    N
    agyenzire
    agyenzire
    3SGgoPFV
    V
    nawe
    nawe
    withhim
    PN
    nka
    nka
    like
    PRT
    oku
    oku
    how
    ADVm
    ashangwa
    ashangwa
    3SGfindPASSFV
    V
    amutwara
    amutwara
    3SGSBJ3SGOBJtake 
    V
    obundi
    obundi
    perhaps
    ADVm
    tuzemu
    tuzemu
    1PLgoSBJVLOC
     
    twihemu
    twihemu
    1PLgetSBJVLOC
    V
    obusente
    obusente
    IV14money
    N
    bwa
    bwa
    of
    PREP
    okurya
    okurya
    IVINFeatIND
     


    Number of tokens relative to their meaning
    MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS
    When 36
    That 06
    If 01
    Lack meaning 12
    "KU meaning IF"
    POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
    COMP 01
    "Ku meaning WHEN"
    POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
    CONJ 30
    COMP 03
    REL 01
    Lack 02


    "KU meaning THAT"
    POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
    CONJ 04
    COMP 01
    ADV 01



    References

    1. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/
    2. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.
      Function NUMBER OF TOKENS
      CONJ 30
      CONJS 08
      COMP 05
      REL 01
      ADV 02


      In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

      KU- Initial position

      KU- Medial position
      Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
      “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
      Akangambira
      akangambira
      3SGIV1SGtellAPPLIND
      V
      ku
      ku
      that
      COMP
      naija
      naija
      3SGcomeIND
      V
      nyenkyakare
      nyenkyakare
      tomorrow
      ADVm


      The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:

      WHEN
      Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,
      “When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”
      Omwana
      omuana
      IV1child
      N
      ku
      ku
      when
      CONJ
      areeba
      areeba
      3SGseeFV
      V
      abantu
      abantu
      IV2people
      N
      omu
      omu
      in
      PREP
      katare
      katare
      market
      N
      baatandika
      baatandika
      2PASTimbeginFV
      V
      kwija
      kwija
      INFcomeFV
      V
      we
      we
      she
      PN
      nyina
      nyina
      mother
      N
      ayeyongyera
      ayeyongyera
      3SGcontinueFV
      V
      kuba
      kuba
      INFbe
      COP
      busy
      busy
      busy
      V
      aramanya
      aramanya
      3SG knowFV
      V
      ngu
      ngu
      that
      CONJ
       
      muena
      1all
      QUANT
      baakasitoma
      baakasitoma
      2customer
      N
      baayeyongyera
      baayeyongyera
      2PASTimincreaseFV
      V


      THAT
      Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
      “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
      Akangambira
      akangambira
      3SGIV1SGtellAPPLIND
      V
      ku
      ku
      that
      COMP
      naija
      naija
      3SGcomeIND
      V
      nyenkyakare
      nyenkyakare
      tomorrow
      ADVm


      IF
      Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
      “He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
      Angira
      angira
      3SG1SGtellFV
      V
      ati
      ati
      that
      CONJS
      ku
      ku
      if
      COMP
      turaareebe
      turaareebe
      1PLPRESseeSBJV
      V
      yaarugamu
      yaarugamu
       PREScomeFVLOC
      V
      na
      na
      with
      PREP
      boyoofiisi
      boyoofiisi
      officeboy
      N
      agyenzire
      agyenzire
      3SGgoPFV
      V
      nawe
      nawe
      withhim
      PN
      nka
      nka
      like
      PRT
      oku
      oku
      how
      ADVm
      ashangwa
      ashangwa
      3SGfindPASSFV
      V
      amutwara
      amutwara
      3SGSBJ3SGOBJtake 
      V
      obundi
      obundi
      perhaps
      ADVm
      tuzemu
      tuzemu
      1PLgoSBJVLOC
       
      twihemu
      twihemu
      1PLgetSBJVLOC
      V
      obusente
      obusente
      IV14money
      N
      bwa
      bwa
      of
      PREP
      okurya
      okurya
      IVINFeatIND
       


      Number of tokens relative to their meaning
      MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS
      When 36
      That 06
      If 01
      Lack meaning 12
      "KU meaning IF"
      POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
      COMP 01
      "Ku meaning WHEN"
      POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
      CONJ 30
      COMP 03
      REL 01
      Lack 02


      "KU meaning THAT"
      POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
      CONJ 04
      COMP 01
      ADV 01



      References

      <references/>