Difference between revisions of "Classroom:The word KU in Runyankore-Rukiga"

Revision as of 08:12, 14 April 2011

This page was created as an in-classroom exercise in LING 2208, NTNU

This page examines the grammatical function of the word "ku" in Runyankore-Rukiga. The data is the result of Typecraft's phrase search done on March 18, 2011.

KU as a word in Runyankore-Rukiga works as a conjunction:

We found 46 phrases in which Ku has the function of a conjunction. Some of them are glossed only as CONJ and others have more specific information and are glossed as CONJS and its subcategories namely COMP, REL and ADV.

In this research will be used the information about of conjunction and its subcategories provided by the Glossary of Linguistic Terms of SIL - Summer Institute of Linguistics ^[1]. The relation between COnjunctions and its subcategories can be summarized in the diagram below:

Ku as only CONJ

30 of our tokens are glossed only as conjunction (CONJ) As in:

Ku naahikire ahari Butunduuzi, emotoka ereemerera obwe ku baabarareebaga emotoka ereemerera baija kureeba omufu!

“When i arrived at Butunduuzi, and then whenever the car stopped, they would come to see the dead-person.”

Ku

ku

when

CONJ

naahikire
n	aa	hik	ire
1SG	PASTrm	reach	PFV
V

ahari
a	hari
IV	atSPTL
ADJatt

Butunduuzi

butunduuzi

Np

emotoka
e	motoka
IV	car
N

ereemerera
e	ra	emerer	a
AGR	PTCP	stop	FV
V

obwe

then

CONJ

ku

when

CONJ

baabarareebaga
ba	a	ba	ra	reeb	a	ga
3PL	PASTrm	3PL	PTCP	see	FV	EMPH
V

emotoka
e	motoka
IV	car
N

ereemerera
e	re	emerer	a
AGR	PTCP	stop	FV
V

baija
ba	ij	a
3PL	come	FV
V

kureeba
ku	reeba
INF	see
V

omufu!
o	mu	fu!
IV	1	the-dead

KU as a CONJS

There were 8 tokens glossed more specifically as subordinative conjunction (CONJS):

And the rest of them were glosses according to the subcategories of subordinative conjunctios as follow:

KU as a COMP

5 annotations of KU being a complementizer (COMP):

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a	n	gir	a
3SG	1SG	tell	FV
V

ati

that

CONJS

ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu	raa	reeb	e
1PL	PRES	see	SBJV
V

yaarugamu
y	aa	rug	a	mu
	PRES	come	FV	LOC
V

na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a	gyenz	ire
3SG	go	PFV
V

nawe
na	we
with	him
PN

nka

like

PRT

oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a	shang	w	a
3SG	find	PASS	FV
V

amutwara
a	mu	twar	a
3SGSBJ	3SGOBJ	take
V

obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu	z	e	mu
1PL	go	SBJV	LOC

twihemu
tw	ih	e	mu
1PL	get	SBJV	LOC
V

obusente
o	bu	sente
IV	14	money
N

bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o	ku	ry	a
IV	INF	eat	IND

KU as REL

1 case of KU working as a relativizer (REL):

Ku naaguzire hanu naahagura miriyoni emwe n’emitwaro makumi abiri, naashuba naareeba nti ku ntaamamarwa , naashuba naaguraho ekyemitwaro 50.

“I bought here one million two hundred thousand, I was not satisfied and bought another one at five hundred thousand shillings”

Ku

ku

CONJ

REL

naaguzire
n	aa	guz	ire
1SG	PASTim	buy	PFV
V

hanu
ha	nu
16	here
DEM

naahagura
n	aa	ha	gur	a
1SG	PASTim	16	buy	FV
V

miriyoni

million

NUM

emwe
e	mwe
IV	one
ORD

n’emitwaro
n’	e	mi	twaro
CONJ	IV	4	ten-thousand
NUM

makumi-abiri
ma	kumi	abiri
	ten	twenty
NUM

naashuba
n	aa	shub	a
1SG	PASTim	repeat	FV
V

naareeba
n	aa	reeb	a
1SG	PASTim	see	FV
V

nti

CONJ

ku

REL

CONJ

ntaamarwa
n	t	aa	mar	w	a
1SG	NEG	IPFV	finish	PASS	FV
Vneg

naashuba
n	aa	shub	a
1SG	PASTim	repeat	FV
V

naaguraho
n	aa	gur	a	ho
1SG	PASTim	buy	FV	LOC
V

ekyemitwaro
e	ky	e	mi	twaro
IV	of	IV	3	ten-thousand
NUM

50

ORD

KU as an ADV

2 occurrences of KU glossed as an adverb (ADV)

However we are convinced that the annotator meant adverbializer as it would be the subcategory of subordinative conjunctions according to SIL's GLossary of Linguistic Terms ^[2]

↑ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/
↑
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.

Function NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

CONJS 08

COMP 05

REL 01

ADV 02

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN

Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,

“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”

Omwana
o mu ana

IV 1 child

N

ku
ku

when

CONJ

areeba
a reeb a

3SG see FV

V

abantu
a ba ntu

IV 2 people

N

omu
omu

in

PREP

katare
katare

market

N

baatandika
ba a tandik a

2 PASTim begin FV

V

kwija
kw ij a

INF come FV

V

we
we

she

PN

nyina
nyina

mother

N

ayeyongyera
a yeyongyer a

3SG continue FV

V

kuba
ku ba

INF be

COP

busy
busy

busy

V

aramanya
a ra many a

3SG know FV

V

ngu
ngu

that

CONJ

mu ena

1 all

QUANT

baakasitoma
ba akasitoma

2 customer

N

baayeyongyera
ba a yeyongyer a

2 PASTim increase FV

V

THAT

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

IF

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a n gir a

3SG 1SG tell FV

V

ati
ati

that

CONJS

ku
ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu raa reeb e

1PL PRES see SBJV

V

yaarugamu
y aa rug a mu

PRES come FV LOC

V

na
na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a gyenz ire

3SG go PFV

V

nawe
na we

with him

PN

nka
nka

like

PRT

oku
oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a shang w a

3SG find PASS FV

V

amutwara
a mu twar a

3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take

V

obundi
obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu z e mu

1PL go SBJV LOC

twihemu
tw ih e mu

1PL get SBJV LOC

V

obusente
o bu sente

IV 14 money

N

bwa
bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o ku ry a

IV INF eat IND

Number of tokens relative to their meaning

MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS

When 36

That 06

If 01

Lack meaning 12
"KU meaning IF"

POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

COMP 01

"Ku meaning WHEN"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

COMP 03

REL 01

Lack 02

"KU meaning THAT"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 04

COMP 01

ADV 01

References
1. ↑ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/
2. ↑ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.
  
  Function NUMBER OF TOKENS
  
  CONJ 30
  
  CONJS 08
  
  COMP 05
  
  REL 01
  
  ADV 02
  
  In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.
  
  KU- Initial position
  KU- Medial position
  
  Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
  
  “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
  
  Akangambira
  a ka n gamb ir a
  
  3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND
  
  V
  
  ku
  ku
  
  that
  
  COMP
  
  naija
  na ij a
  
  3SG come IND
  
  V
  
  nyenkyakare
  nyenkyakare
  
  tomorrow
  
  ADVm
  
  The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
  WHEN
  
  Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,
  
  “When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”
  
  Omwana
  o mu ana
  
  IV 1 child
  
  N
  
  ku
  ku
  
  when
  
  CONJ
  
  areeba
  a reeb a
  
  3SG see FV
  
  V
  
  abantu
  a ba ntu
  
  IV 2 people
  
  N
  
  omu
  omu
  
  in
  
  PREP
  
  katare
  katare
  
  market
  
  N
  
  baatandika
  ba a tandik a
  
  2 PASTim begin FV
  
  V
  
  kwija
  kw ij a
  
  INF come FV
  
  V
  
  we
  we
  
  she
  
  PN
  
  nyina
  nyina
  
  mother
  
  N
  
  ayeyongyera
  a yeyongyer a
  
  3SG continue FV
  
  V
  
  kuba
  ku ba
  
  INF be
  
  COP
  
  busy
  busy
  
  busy
  
  V
  
  aramanya
  a ra many a
  
  3SG know FV
  
  V
  
  ngu
  ngu
  
  that
  
  CONJ
  
  mu ena
  
  1 all
  
  QUANT
  
  baakasitoma
  ba akasitoma
  
  2 customer
  
  N
  
  baayeyongyera
  ba a yeyongyer a
  
  2 PASTim increase FV
  
  V
  
  THAT
  
  Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare
  
  “He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”
  
  Akangambira
  a ka n gamb ir a
  
  3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND
  
  V
  
  ku
  ku
  
  that
  
  COMP
  
  naija
  na ij a
  
  3SG come IND
  
  V
  
  nyenkyakare
  nyenkyakare
  
  tomorrow
  
  ADVm
  
  IF
  
  Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.
  
  “He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”
  
  Angira
  a n gir a
  
  3SG 1SG tell FV
  
  V
  
  ati
  ati
  
  that
  
  CONJS
  
  ku
  ku
  
  if
  
  COMP
  
  turaareebe
  tu raa reeb e
  
  1PL PRES see SBJV
  
  V
  
  yaarugamu
  y aa rug a mu
  
  PRES come FV LOC
  
  V
  
  na
  na
  
  with
  
  PREP
  
  boyoofiisi
  boyoofiisi
  
  officeboy
  
  N
  
  agyenzire
  a gyenz ire
  
  3SG go PFV
  
  V
  
  nawe
  na we
  
  with him
  
  PN
  
  nka
  nka
  
  like
  
  PRT
  
  oku
  oku
  
  how
  
  ADVm
  
  ashangwa
  a shang w a
  
  3SG find PASS FV
  
  V
  
  amutwara
  a mu twar a
  
  3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take
  
  V
  
  obundi
  obundi
  
  perhaps
  
  ADVm
  
  tuzemu
  tu z e mu
  
  1PL go SBJV LOC
  
  twihemu
  tw ih e mu
  
  1PL get SBJV LOC
  
  V
  
  obusente
  o bu sente
  
  IV 14 money
  
  N
  
  bwa
  bwa
  
  of
  
  PREP
  
  okurya
  o ku ry a
  
  IV INF eat IND
  
  Number of tokens relative to their meaning
  
  MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS
  
  When 36
  
  That 06
  
  If 01
  
  Lack meaning 12
  "KU meaning IF"
  
  POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
  
  COMP 01
  
  "Ku meaning WHEN"
  POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
  
  CONJ 30
  
  COMP 03
  
  REL 01
  
  Lack 02
  
  "KU meaning THAT"
  POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS
  
  CONJ 04
  
  COMP 01
  
  ADV 01
  
  References
  
  <references/>

[1] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/

[http-2] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.

Function NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

CONJS 08

COMP 05

REL 01

ADV 02

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN

Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,

“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”

Omwana
o mu ana

IV 1 child

N

ku
ku

when

CONJ

areeba
a reeb a

3SG see FV

V

abantu
a ba ntu

IV 2 people

N

omu
omu

in

PREP

katare
katare

market

N

baatandika
ba a tandik a

2 PASTim begin FV

V

kwija
kw ij a

INF come FV

V

we
we

she

PN

nyina
nyina

mother

N

ayeyongyera
a yeyongyer a

3SG continue FV

V

kuba
ku ba

INF be

COP

busy
busy

busy

V

aramanya
a ra many a

3SG know FV

V

ngu
ngu

that

CONJ

mu ena

1 all

QUANT

baakasitoma
ba akasitoma

2 customer

N

baayeyongyera
ba a yeyongyer a

2 PASTim increase FV

V

THAT

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

IF

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a n gir a

3SG 1SG tell FV

V

ati
ati

that

CONJS

ku
ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu raa reeb e

1PL PRES see SBJV

V

yaarugamu
y aa rug a mu

PRES come FV LOC

V

na
na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a gyenz ire

3SG go PFV

V

nawe
na we

with him

PN

nka
nka

like

PRT

oku
oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a shang w a

3SG find PASS FV

V

amutwara
a mu twar a

3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take

V

obundi
obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu z e mu

1PL go SBJV LOC

twihemu
tw ih e mu

1PL get SBJV LOC

V

obusente
o bu sente

IV 14 money

N

bwa
bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o ku ry a

IV INF eat IND

Number of tokens relative to their meaning

MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS

When 36

That 06

If 01

Lack meaning 12
"KU meaning IF"

POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

COMP 01

"Ku meaning WHEN"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

COMP 03

REL 01

Lack 02

"KU meaning THAT"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 04

COMP 01

ADV 01

References

↑ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/

↑ http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.

Function NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

CONJS 08

COMP 05

REL 01

ADV 02

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN

Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,

“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”

Omwana
o mu ana

IV 1 child

N

ku
ku

when

CONJ

areeba
a reeb a

3SG see FV

V

abantu
a ba ntu

IV 2 people

N

omu
omu

in

PREP

katare
katare

market

N

baatandika
ba a tandik a

2 PASTim begin FV

V

kwija
kw ij a

INF come FV

V

we
we

she

PN

nyina
nyina

mother

N

ayeyongyera
a yeyongyer a

3SG continue FV

V

kuba
ku ba

INF be

COP

busy
busy

busy

V

aramanya
a ra many a

3SG know FV

V

ngu
ngu

that

CONJ

mu ena

1 all

QUANT

baakasitoma
ba akasitoma

2 customer

N

baayeyongyera
ba a yeyongyer a

2 PASTim increase FV

V

THAT

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

IF

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a n gir a

3SG 1SG tell FV

V

ati
ati

that

CONJS

ku
ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu raa reeb e

1PL PRES see SBJV

V

yaarugamu
y aa rug a mu

PRES come FV LOC

V

na
na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a gyenz ire

3SG go PFV

V

nawe
na we

with him

PN

nka
nka

like

PRT

oku
oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a shang w a

3SG find PASS FV

V

amutwara
a mu twar a

3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take

V

obundi
obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu z e mu

1PL go SBJV LOC

twihemu
tw ih e mu

1PL get SBJV LOC

V

obusente
o bu sente

IV 14 money

N

bwa
bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o ku ry a

IV INF eat IND

Number of tokens relative to their meaning

MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS

When 36

That 06

If 01

Lack meaning 12
"KU meaning IF"

POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

COMP 01

"Ku meaning WHEN"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

COMP 03

REL 01

Lack 02

"KU meaning THAT"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 04

COMP 01

ADV 01

References

<references/>

[1] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/

[http-2] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.

Function NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

CONJS 08

COMP 05

REL 01

ADV 02

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN

Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,

“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”

Omwana
o mu ana

IV 1 child

N

ku
ku

when

CONJ

areeba
a reeb a

3SG see FV

V

abantu
a ba ntu

IV 2 people

N

omu
omu

in

PREP

katare
katare

market

N

baatandika
ba a tandik a

2 PASTim begin FV

V

kwija
kw ij a

INF come FV

V

we
we

she

PN

nyina
nyina

mother

N

ayeyongyera
a yeyongyer a

3SG continue FV

V

kuba
ku ba

INF be

COP

busy
busy

busy

V

aramanya
a ra many a

3SG know FV

V

ngu
ngu

that

CONJ

mu ena

1 all

QUANT

baakasitoma
ba akasitoma

2 customer

N

baayeyongyera
ba a yeyongyer a

2 PASTim increase FV

V

THAT

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

IF

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a n gir a

3SG 1SG tell FV

V

ati
ati

that

CONJS

ku
ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu raa reeb e

1PL PRES see SBJV

V

yaarugamu
y aa rug a mu

PRES come FV LOC

V

na
na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a gyenz ire

3SG go PFV

V

nawe
na we

with him

PN

nka
nka

like

PRT

oku
oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a shang w a

3SG find PASS FV

V

amutwara
a mu twar a

3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take

V

obundi
obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu z e mu

1PL go SBJV LOC

twihemu
tw ih e mu

1PL get SBJV LOC

V

obusente
o bu sente

IV 14 money

N

bwa
bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o ku ry a

IV INF eat IND

Number of tokens relative to their meaning

MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS

When 36

That 06

If 01

Lack meaning 12
"KU meaning IF"

POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

COMP 01

"Ku meaning WHEN"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

COMP 03

REL 01

Lack 02

"KU meaning THAT"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 04

COMP 01

ADV 01

References

<references/>

[1] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/

[http-2] ttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.

Function NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

CONJS 08

COMP 05

REL 01

ADV 02

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

KU- Initial position
KU- Medial position

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:
WHEN

Omwana ku areeba abantu omu katare baatandika kwija, we nyina ayeyongyera kuba busy aramanya ngu baakasitoma baayeyongyera,

“When the child saw every one in market starting to come, meanwhile the mother was thinking that the customers were increasing”

Omwana
o mu ana

IV 1 child

N

ku
ku

when

CONJ

areeba
a reeb a

3SG see FV

V

abantu
a ba ntu

IV 2 people

N

omu
omu

in

PREP

katare
katare

market

N

baatandika
ba a tandik a

2 PASTim begin FV

V

kwija
kw ij a

INF come FV

V

we
we

she

PN

nyina
nyina

mother

N

ayeyongyera
a yeyongyer a

3SG continue FV

V

kuba
ku ba

INF be

COP

busy
busy

busy

V

aramanya
a ra many a

3SG know FV

V

ngu
ngu

that

CONJ

mu ena

1 all

QUANT

baakasitoma
ba akasitoma

2 customer

N

baayeyongyera
ba a yeyongyer a

2 PASTim increase FV

V

THAT

Akangambira ku naija nyenkyakare

“He/she told me that he/she will come tomorrow”

Akangambira
a ka n gamb ir a

3SG IV 1SG tell APPL IND

V

ku
ku

that

COMP

naija
na ij a

3SG come IND

V

nyenkyakare
nyenkyakare

tomorrow

ADVm

IF

Angira ati ku turaareebe yaarugamu, na boyoofiisi agyenzire nawe, nk'oku ashangwa amutwara obundi tuzemu twihemu obusente bw'okurya.

“He told me that when we see him getting out with the officeboy, like how he normally does, perhaps we should go in and get some little money to eat.”

Angira
a n gir a

3SG 1SG tell FV

V

ati
ati

that

CONJS

ku
ku

if

COMP

turaareebe
tu raa reeb e

1PL PRES see SBJV

V

yaarugamu
y aa rug a mu

PRES come FV LOC

V

na
na

with

PREP

boyoofiisi
boyoofiisi

officeboy

N

agyenzire
a gyenz ire

3SG go PFV

V

nawe
na we

with him

PN

nka
nka

like

PRT

oku
oku

how

ADVm

ashangwa
a shang w a

3SG find PASS FV

V

amutwara
a mu twar a

3SGSBJ 3SGOBJ take

V

obundi
obundi

perhaps

ADVm

tuzemu
tu z e mu

1PL go SBJV LOC

twihemu
tw ih e mu

1PL get SBJV LOC

V

obusente
o bu sente

IV 14 money

N

bwa
bwa

of

PREP

okurya
o ku ry a

IV INF eat IND

Number of tokens relative to their meaning

MEANING NUMBER OF TOKENS

When 36

That 06

If 01

Lack meaning 12
"KU meaning IF"

POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

COMP 01

"Ku meaning WHEN"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 30

COMP 03

REL 01

Lack 02

"KU meaning THAT"
POS tag NUMBER OF TOKENS

CONJ 04

COMP 01

ADV 01

References

<references/>

[1]

[2]

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 We found 46 phrases in which Ku has the function of a conjunction. Some of them are glossed only as CONJ and others have more specific information and are glossed as CONJS and its subcategories namely COMP, REL and ADV.
+In this research will be used the information about of conjunction and its subcategories provided by the Glossary of Linguistic Terms of SIL - Summer Institute of Linguistics <ref> http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref>. The relation between COnjunctions and its subcategories can be summarized in the diagram below:
 === Ku as only CONJ===
@@ Line 37: / Line 39: @@
 =====KU as an ADV=====
 occurrences of KU glossed as an adverb (ADV)
-However we are convinced that the annotator meant adverbializer as it would be the subcategory of subordinative conjunctions according to SIL's GLossary of Linguistic Terms <ref> http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref>, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.
+However we are convinced that the annotator meant adverbializer as it would be the subcategory of subordinative conjunctions according to SIL's GLossary of Linguistic Terms <ref name="http"> http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ </ref name="http">, but he/she could not find an appropriate gloss tag in Typecraft's POS list. This problem has been already reported to the platform and will soon be solved.
   <Phrase>2513</Phrase>
@@ Line 140: / Line 142: @@
 |01
 |}

Difference between revisions of "Classroom:The word KU in Runyankore-Rukiga"

Revision as of 08:12, 14 April 2011

Contents

KU as a word in Runyankore-Rukiga works as a conjunction:

Ku as only CONJ

KU as a CONJS

KU as a COMP

KU as REL

KU as an ADV

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:

References

In Runyankore-Rukiga,the word KU appears in both initial and medial positions of a sentence.

The word KU can have at least three meanings, they are:

References