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Link to the database:  https://typecraft.org/tc2/ntceditor.html#16
 
Link to the database:  https://typecraft.org/tc2/ntceditor.html#16
 +
 +
Underneath each example is given a valency/construction description using a code ('Construction Labeling') further explained at [[Ga Valence Profile]].
 +
  
  
Line 103: Line 106:
 
v-intrScpr-scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY
 
v-intrScpr-scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY
  
 +
 +
<Phrase>9206</Phrase>
 
v-intrScpr-scAdv-suAg-PROPTY
 
v-intrScpr-scAdv-suAg-PROPTY
  
  
−
<Phrase>9206</Phrase>
+
<Phrase>9207</Phrase>
 
v_perf-intrScpr-suPostp_scResIncrm_scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD
 
v_perf-intrScpr-suPostp_scResIncrm_scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD
  
  
−
<Phrase>9207</Phrase>
+
<Phrase>9208</Phrase>
 
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
 
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
  
  
−
<Phrase>9208</Phrase>
+
<Phrase>9209</Phrase>
 
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_EQUATIVE
 
v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_EQUATIVE
  
  
−
<Phrase>9209</Phrase>
+
<Phrase>9210</Phrase>
 
v-intrScprVid-scAdj_vidObPostp-suTh_vidObLoc-PROPTY
 
v-intrScprVid-scAdj_vidObPostp-suTh_vidObLoc-PROPTY
  
−
 
−
<Phrase>9210</Phrase>
 
−
v-tr-suAg_obMover-EJECTION
 
  
  
 
<Phrase>9219</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9219</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suAg_obLoc-MAINTAINPOSITION
+
v-tr-suAg_obMover-EJECTION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9220</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9220</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suAg_obTh-ASKING
+
v-tr-suAg_obLoc-MAINTAINPOSITION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9221</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9221</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suEff_obExp-EXPER
+
v-tr-suAg_obTh-ASKING
  
  
 
<Phrase>9222</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9222</Phrase>
−
v_prog-tr-suEff_obIncraff-EXPE
+
v-tr-suEff_obExp-EXPER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9223</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9223</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPoss_obThAbst-PROPTY
+
v_prog-tr-suEff_obIncraff-EXPE
  
  
 
<Phrase>9224</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9224</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPossAbst_obLoc-PROPTY
+
v-tr-suPoss_obThAbst-PROPTY
  
  
 
<Phrase>9225</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9225</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
+
v-tr-suPossAbst_obLoc-PROPTY
  
  
 
<Phrase>9234</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9234</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPossp_obBPspec-suAg_obAff-PSYCHSTATE
+
v-tr-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9235</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9235</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suTh_obLoc-REDUCTION
+
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPossp_obBPspec-suAg_obAff-PSYCHSTATE
  
  
 
<Phrase>9236</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9236</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPostp-suAg_obLoc-WASHING
+
v-tr-suTh_obLoc-REDUCTION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9237</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9237</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suIDobSpecSpec_obPostp_obSpecPostp-suAg_obLocus-COLLECT
+
v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPostp-suAg_obLoc-WASHING
  
  
 
<Phrase>9238</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9238</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPossp_suBPSpec_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
+
v-tr-suIDobSpecSpec_obPostp_obSpecPostp-suAg_obLocus-COLLECT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9239</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9239</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obThAbst-PROPTY
+
v-tr-suPossp_suBPSpec_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9249</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9249</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-PROPTY_DYN
+
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obThAbst-PROPTY
  
  
 
<Phrase>9250</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9250</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPostp_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
+
v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-PROPTY_DYN
  
  
 
<Phrase>9251</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9251</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suPostp_obUnif-suLocus_obEndstate-PROPTY_ESTABD
+
v-tr-suPostp_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9252</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9252</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obBPsu-suPoss_obTh-PROPTY
+
v-tr-suPostp_obUnif-suLocus_obEndstate-PROPTY_ESTABD
  
  
 
<Phrase>9254</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9254</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obTh-CARETAKING
+
v-tr-obBPsu-suPoss_obTh-PROPTY
  
  
 
<Phrase>9262</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9262</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suAgmover_obEndpt-MOTION_DIRECTED
+
v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obTh-CARETAKING
  
  
 
<Phrase>9263</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9263</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suAgsens_obLocus-COGNITION
+
v-tr-obPostp-suAgmover_obEndpt-MOTION_DIRECTED
  
  
 
<Phrase>9264</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9264</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suEff_obLocus-EXPER
+
v-tr-obPostp-suAgsens_obLocus-COGNITION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9265</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9265</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suSens_obLocus-PERCPT
+
v-tr-obPostp-suEff_obLocus-EXPER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9266</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9266</Phrase>
−
v_hab-trLght-obUnif-suAg_obThAbst-PROPTY_GEN
+
v-tr-obPostp-suSens_obLocus-PERCPT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9267</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9267</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obUnif-suAgsens_obLocus-PERCP
+
v_hab-trLght-obUnif-suAg_obThAbst-PROPTY_GEN
  
  
 
<Phrase>9268</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9268</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obSpecPostp-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
+
v-tr-obUnif-suAgsens_obLocus-PERCP
  
  
 
<Phrase>9269</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9269</Phrase>
−
v-tr_obDECLcmp-suSens_obPercsit-PERCPT
+
v-tr-obSpecPostp-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9270</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9270</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obIRRcmp-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
+
v-tr_obDECLcmp-suSens_obPercsit-PERCPT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9271</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9271</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suIDobSu_obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-INCHOATIVE
+
v-tr-obIRRcmp-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9273</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9273</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp_obSpecNomvL-suAg_obLocsit-CONTINUATION
+
v-tr-suIDobSu_obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-INCHOATIVE
  
  
 
<Phrase>9274</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9274</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-PERMISSION
+
v-tr-obPostp_obSpecNomvL-suAg_obLocsit-CONTINUATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9275</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9275</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-CONTINUATION
+
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-PERMISSION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9286</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9286</Phrase>
−
v_HAB-trImpersComp-suExpl_obNomvL-
+
v-tr-obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-CONTINUATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9288</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9288</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-suAg_obAffincrem_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
+
v_HAB-trImpersComp-suExpl_obNomvL-
  
  
 
<Phrase>9289</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9289</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-obPostp_vidObBPspec-suAg_obTop_vidObLoc-ASKING_ABOUT
+
v-trVid-suAg_obAffincrem_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE
  
  
 
<Phrase>9291</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9291</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-obPostp_obSpecIDvidObSpec-suAg_obLocus_vidObLoc-EXPER
+
v-trVid-obPostp_vidObBPspec-suAg_obTop_vidObLoc-ASKING_ABOUT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9311</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9311</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suMover_obEndpt_vidObLocus-CHANGE_STATUS
+
v-trVid-obPostp_obSpecIDvidObSpec-suAg_obLocus_vidObLoc-EXPER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9312</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9312</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suExper_obLoc_vidObStartpt-CONSCIOUSNESS
+
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suMover_obEndpt_vidObLocus-CHANGE_STATUS
  
  
 
<Phrase>9313</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9313</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-obUnif-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ASSUME_LOCATION
+
v-trVid-vidObPostp-suExper_obLoc_vidObStartpt-CONSCIOUSNESS
  
  
 
<Phrase>9314</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9314</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Content-COMMUNICATION
+
v-trVid-obUnif-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ASSUME_LOCATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9315</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9315</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-suAg_iobRec_obTh-TRANSFER
+
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Content-COMMUNICATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9316</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9316</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Loc-COMMUNICATION
+
v-ditr-suAg_iobRec_obTh-TRANSFER
  
  
 
<Phrase>9317</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9317</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-suAg_iobTrgt_obThmover-COMMUNICATION
+
v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Loc-COMMUNICATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9318</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9318</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-suAg_obAff_ob2Instr-CUTTING
+
v-ditr-suAg_iobTrgt_obThmover-COMMUNICATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>9319</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9319</Phrase>
−
Verb focus
+
v-ditr-suAg_obAff_ob2Instr-CUTTING
  
  
 
<Phrase>9991</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9991</Phrase>
−
v-intr-suTh-PHENOM
+
Verb focus
  
  
 
<Phrase>10116</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10116</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obPostp-suTh_obLoc-STATE
+
v-intr-suTh-PHENOM
  
  
 
<Phrase>10126</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10126</Phrase>
−
v-ditr-obPostp-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc
+
v-tr-obPostp-suTh_obLoc-STATE
  
  
 
<Phrase>10129</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10129</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suIDspecOb-suAg_obLoc
+
v-ditr-obPostp-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc
  
  
 
<Phrase>10130</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10130</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suEmitter_obTh-EMISSION
+
v-tr-suIDspecOb-suAg_obLoc
  
  
 
<Phrase>10131</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10131</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-vidObBPvidObSpec-suAg_obTh_vidObLocus
+
v-tr-suEmitter_obTh-EMISSION
  
  
 
<Phrase>10157</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10157</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obBPobSpec-suAg_obLoc-COMMUNICATION
+
v-trVid-vidObBPvidObSpec-suAg_obTh_vidObLocus
  
  
 
<Phrase>10160</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10160</Phrase>
−
sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1Intr-v2Intr-EFFORT_ACHVMNT
+
v-tr-obBPobSpec-suAg_obLoc-COMMUNICATION
  
  
 
<Phrase>151</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>151</Phrase>
−
v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAgintent-ABILITY
+
sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1Intr-v2Intr-EFFORT_ACHVMNT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9201</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9201</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suSpecIDobSpec_suBPspec-suTh_obEndpt-PSYCHSTATE
+
v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAgintent-ABILITY
  
  
 
<Phrase>9253</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9253</Phrase>
−
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
+
v-tr-suSpecIDobSpec_suBPspec-suTh_obEndpt-PSYCHSTATE
  
  
 
<Phrase>9272</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9272</Phrase>
−
v-trExpn-obIDexpnSu_expnDECLcmp-suSens_obTh-PERCPT
+
v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9287</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9287</Phrase>
−
v-trVid-vidObBPspec-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ACQUISITION
+
v-trExpn-obIDexpnSu_expnDECLcmp-suSens_obTh-PERCPT
  
  
 
<Phrase>9290</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>9290</Phrase>
−
v-tr-suSource_obEndpt-PHENOM
+
v-trVid-vidObBPspec-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ACQUISITION
  
  
Line 376: Line 378:
 
<Phrase>10161</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>10161</Phrase>
 
evsuAg-pv1tr-pv1obInstr-vtr-obPostp-obLocus
 
evsuAg-pv1tr-pv1obInstr-vtr-obPostp-obLocus
 +
 +
 +
 +
--[[User:Lars Hellan|Lars Hellan]] ([[User talk:Lars Hellan|talk]]) 20:09, 19 December 2016 (CET)

Latest revision as of 19:14, 19 December 2016

These annotations are made by Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu

Link to the database: https://typecraft.org/tc2/ntceditor.html#16

Underneath each example is given a valency/construction description using a code ('Construction Labeling') further explained at Ga Valence Profile.


Polisifonyo ji mi
“I am a policeman”
pòlísìfóɲò
pòlísìfóɲò
policeHUMperson
N
ʤí
ʤí
be
V
!mí
!mí
I1SG
PN

vcop-identification_identified-IDENTITY


Kojo heko lɛ eyeko
“Kojo has not believed him.”
kòʤó
kòʤó
nameSBJ
Np
hékò
hékò
getNEGPFV
V
lɛ̀
lɛ̀
3SG
PN
èyékò
èyékò
3SGeatNEGPFV
V

sv-suAspIDsuAg-v1tr-v1obTh-v2intr-v2suClit-PERCPT


Kofi bolɔ ewo mi
“Kofi shouted at me”
Kòfí
kòfí
nameSBJ
Np
!bə́lɔ̀
!bə́lɔ̀
AORcallITER
V
èwò
èwò
3SGAORput
V2
mĩ̀
mĩ̀
me1SG
PN

sv_suAspIDsuAg-v1intr-v2tr-v2suClit-v2obTrgt-COMMUNICATION


Gbekɛbii lɛ ekamɔ shi amɛwɔ
“The children have gone to sleep”
gbekɛbii
gbekɛbii
childoffspringPL
N
ɛ
ɛ
DEF
DET
ekamɔ
ekamɔ
PFVlieDISTRIB
V
shi
shi
down
N
amɛwɔ
amɛ́wɔ
3PLPFVsleep
V

sv_suAspID-v1tr-v1suAgintent_obLoc-v2intr-v2suClit-v2suTh-


Tɛte miinyɛ eeha bo shika
“Tettey can give you money”
tɛte
tɛte
SBJ
Np
miiɲɛ
miiɲɛ
PROGcan
V
eeha
eeha
3SGSBJPROGgive
V
bo
bo
you2SG
PN
ʃika
ʃika
money
N

v-intrDECLbare_suIDcompSu-suAg_obThsit-ABILITY


Kojo ahe lɛ eye
“Kojo should believe him.”
koʤó
koʤó
name
Np
áhé
áhé
SBJVget
V
lɛ
lɛ
3SG
PN
é!yé
é!yé
3SGSBJVeat
V

sv_suAspIDsuAg-v1tr-v1obTh-v2intr-v2suClit


Amaate ni
“It's Amartey”
àmàáté
àmàáté
name
Np
!ní
!ní
 
PRT

prt-suIdfd-IDENTIFICATION


Hii lɛ kpatu amɛgbee shi
“The men fell down on purpose”
Hii
hii
men
N
ɛ
ɛ
DEF
DET
kpátu
kpatu
actAOR
V
amɛgbèé
amɛgbee
3PLAORfall
V2
!shí
shi
down
N

sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1intr-v2tr-v2suClit-v2obLoc-


Kofi ba
“Kofi came”
Kofi
kòfí
name
Np
ba
 ba
AORcome
V

v-intr-suAg-MOTION


Eeflɛ
“He was answering back”
Eeflɛ
eeflɛ
3SGPROGanswer.back
V

v-intr-suAg-COMMUNICATION


Nugbɔ nɛ
“It rained.”
Nugbɔ
nugbɔ
heaven
N
nɛ
-̀nɛ
AORrain
V

v-intr-suTh-PHENOM


Tɛ lɛ wa
“The stone is hard”
Tɛ
tɛ́
stone
N
lɛ
lɛ̀
DEF
DET
wa
-̀wà
AORhard
V

v-intr-suTh-PROPTY_ASCR


Shinaa lɛ kã
“The door is open”
Shinaa
shinaa
door
N
lɛ
!ɛ
DEF
DET
kã
-̀kã
AORopen
V

v_aor-intr-suTh-STATE


Edi
“it is black, has become black”
Edi
e-̀di
3SGAORblack
V

v_aor-intr-suTh-PROPTY_ESTABD


Nu lɛ egbi
“The water has dried up”
Nu
nu
man
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
egbi
egbi
PFVdry
V

v_perf-intr-suAff-ENDSTATE


Nuu lɛ egbɛ
“The man is confused”
Nuu
nuú
man
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
egbɛ
égbɛ
PFVscatter
V

v_perf-intr-suExp-PSYCHSTATE


Ehiŋmɛi tsu
“He got angry”
Ehiŋmɛi
ehiŋmɛi
3SGPOSSeye
N
tsu
-̀tsu
AORred
V

v_aor-intr-suPossp_suBPspec-suTh-EMOTION


Emli jɔ
“She is kind”
Emli
emli
3SGPOSSinside
N
jɔ
-̀jɔ
AORcool
V

v-intr-suPostp-suLocus-PROPTY_ASCR


Kakla lɛ naa eba
“The knife is sharp”
[
 
[
 
Kakla
kakla
knife
N
lɛ
ɛ̀
DEF
DET
]poss
 
naa
naa
edge
N
]subj
 
 
 
eba
ébà
PFVcome
V

v_perf-intr-suPostp_suUnif-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD


Minyɛɔ míŋmaa mígbɛi
“I can write my name”
Minyɛɔ
minyɛɔ
1SGableHAB
V
[
 
míŋmaa
míŋmaa
1SGwriteHAB
V
mígbɛi
mígbɛi
1SGPOSSname
N
]comp
 

v-intrComp-compDECLbare_suIDcompSu-suAg_obThsit-ABILITY


Yoo lɛ etee ní eyahe wolo lɛ
“The woman has gone to buy the book”
Yoo
yoo
woman
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
etee
étee
PFVgo
V
ní
ní
COMPL
PRT
eyahe
éyáhe
3SGSBJVEGRSBJVbuy
V
wolo
wòló
book
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET

v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAg-MOTION_DIR


Ehia akɛ amɛfee
“It is necessary that they do (it).”
Ehia
e-̀hia
it3SGEXPLETAORneed
V
akɛ
akɛ
thatCOMPL
PRT
amɛfee
amɛ-̀fee
they3PLAORdo
V

v-intrImpersComp-suExpl_compDECLcmp-NEED


Maŋo lɛ etsu hɛluu
“The mango is ripe, red”
Maŋo
maŋo
mango
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
etsu
etsu
PFVred
V
hɛluu
hɛluu
red
ADJ

v_perf-intrScpr-scResIncrm_scAdj-suTh-PROPTY_ESTABD


Efeɔ dioo
“He became quiet-mannered”
Efeɔ
efeɔ
3SGdoHAB
V
dioo
dioo
quiet
ADJ

v-intrScpr-scAdj-suAg-PROPTY_DYN


Eyɛ blɛoo
“It is slow”
Eyɛ
eyɛ
3SGbe.at
V
blɛoo
blɛoo
slow
ADJ

v-intrScpr-scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY


Efee diŋŋ
“He became quiet”
Efee
e-̀fee
3SGAORdo
V
diŋŋ
diŋŋ
quietly
ADVm

v-intrScpr-scAdv-suAg-PROPTY


Koo lɛ mli ejɔ tiŋkoŋŋ
“The forest is dead quiet”
[
 
[
 
Koo
koo
forest
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
]poss
 
mli
mli
inside
N
]subj
 
ejɔ
ejɔ
PFVcalm
V
tiŋkoŋŋ
tiŋkoŋŋ
silent
ADJ

v_perf-intrScpr-suPostp_scResIncrm_scAdj-suLocus-PROPTY_ESTABD


Eda fe mi
“He is bigger than me”
Eda
e-̀da
3SGAORgrow
V
fe
-̀fe
AORsurpass
V
mi
mi
1SG
Np

v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE


Etale tsuɔ tamɔ la
“Her dress is as red as blood”
Etale
etale
3SGPOSSdress
N
tsuɔ
tsuɔ
redHAB
V
tamɔ
-̀tamɔ
AORresemble
V
la
la
blood
N

v-intrVid-suTh_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_EQUATIVE


Atade lɛ fee papii yɛ ehe
“The dress is tight on her”
Atade
atade
dress
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
fee
-̀fee
AORdo
V
papii
papii
tight
ADJ
[
 
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N
]vidp
 

v-intrScprVid-scAdj_vidObPostp-suTh_vidObLoc-PROPTY


Kofi fɔ bɔɔlu lɛ
“Kofi threw the ball”
Kofi
kòfí
name
Np
fɔ
-̀fɔ
AORthrow
V
bɔɔlu
bɔɔlu
ball
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET

v-tr-suAg_obMover-EJECTION


Amɛda shi
“They stood, posed”
Amɛda
amɛ-̀da
3PLAORstand
V
shi
shi
down
N

v-tr-suAg_obLoc-MAINTAINPOSITION


Eba nii
“She begged for things”
Eba
e ba
3SGAORbeg
V
nii
nii
things
N

v-tr-suAg_obTh-ASKING


Wonu lɛ ŋɔɔ mi
“The soup tastes good to me”
Wonu
wonu
soup
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
ŋɔɔ
-̀ŋɔɔ
 sweetCOP
V
mi
mi
1SG
Np

v-tr-suEff_obExp-EXPER


Fɛi miiye lɛ
“He is cold”
Fɛi
fɛi
cold
N
 
 
miiye
miiye
PROGeat
V
lɛ
lɛ̀
3SG
Np

v_prog-tr-suEff_obIncraff-EXPE


Eyɛ hewalɛ
“She is healthy”
Eyɛ
e-̀yɛ
3SGAORhave
V
hewalɛ
hewalɛ
health
N

v-tr-suPoss_obThAbst-PROPTY


Sane lɛ yɛ mli
“The story is true”
Sane
sane
thing
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORhave
V
mli
mli
inside
N

v-tr-suPossAbst_obLoc-PROPTY


Mina wolo lɛ
“I saw the book”
Mina
mi-̀na
1SGAORsee
V
wolo
wòló
book
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET

v-tr-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT


Kofi miiye etsui
“Kofi is worried”
Kofi
kòfí
name
Np
miiye
miiye
PROGeat
V
etsui
etsui
3SGPOSSheart
N

v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPossp_obBPspec-suAg_obAff-PSYCHSTATE


Kofi ba shi
“Kofi lost weight”
Kofi
kòfí
name
Np
ba
-̀bà
AORcome
V
shi
shĩ̀̀
down
N

v-tr-suTh_obLoc-REDUCTION


Ebaabule ehe
“She will purify herself”
Ebaabule
ebaabule
3SGINGRFUTpurify
V
ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N

v-tr-suIDobSpec_obPostp-suAg_obLoc-WASHING


Amɛbua amɛhe naa
“They assembled”
Amɛbua
amɛ-̀bua
3PLAORassemble
V
amɛhe
amɛhe
3PLPOSSself
N
naa
naa
edge
N

v-tr-suIDobSpecSpec_obPostp_obSpecPostp-suAg_obLocus-COLLECT


Míhiɛ di mi
“I am dizzy”
Míhiɛ
míhiɛ
1SGPOSSface
N
di
-̀di
AORblack
V
mi
mi
1SG
Np

v-tr-suPossp_suBPSpec_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER


Ehe yɛ fɛo
“He is beautiful”
Ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORhave
V
fɛo
fɛo
beauty
N

v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obThAbst-PROPTY


Enaa ba shi
“It lessened, was reduced”
Enaa
enaa
3SGPOSSedge
N
ba
-̀ba
AORcome
V
shi
shi
down
N

v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-PROPTY_DYN


Ehe ŋɔɔ lɛ
“He is ticklish”
Ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N
ŋɔɔ
-̀ŋɔɔ
AORbe.sweet
V
lɛ
!ɛ́
3SG
Np

v-tr-suPostp_obIDsuSpec-suLocus_obExp-EXPER


Ehe ebɔ ŋkanale
“It is rusty”
Ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N
ebɔ
ebɔ
PFVcreate
V
ŋkanale
ŋkanale
rust
N

v-tr-suPostp_obUnif-suLocus_obEndstate-PROPTY_ESTABD


Eyɛ tsui
“She is patient”
Eyɛ
e-̀yɛ
3SGAORhave
V
tsui
tsui
heart
N

v-tr-obBPsu-suPoss_obTh-PROPTY


Ebaa amɛyi
“She protected them”
Ebaa
e-̀baa
3SGAORprotect
V
amɛyi
amɛyi
3PLPOSShead
N

v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obTh-CARETAKING


Tɛtɛ tee yara nɔ
“Tetteh went to the funeral”
Tɛtɛ
tɛtɛ
name
Np
tee
-̀tee
AORgo
V
yara
yara
funeral
N
nɔ
nɔ
surface
N

v-tr-obPostp-suAgmover_obEndpt-MOTION_DIRECTED


Enu sane lɛ shishi
“She understood the problem”
Enu
e-̀nu
3SGAORhear
V
sane
sane
matter
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
shishi
shishi
under
N

v-tr-obPostp-suAgsens_obLocus-COGNITION


Eŋɔɔ mínaa
“It pleased me”
Eŋɔɔ
e-̀ŋɔɔ
3SGAORplease
V
mínaa
mínaa
1SGPOSSedge
N

v-tr-obPostp-suEff_obLocus-EXPER


Enu ohe
“He heard about you”
Enu
e-̀nu
3SGAORhear
V
óhe
óhe
2SGPOSSself
N

v-tr-obPostp-suSens_obLocus-PERCPT


Efeɔ hejɔ
“He is lazy”
Efeɔ
efeɔ
3SGdoHAB
V
hejɔ
hejɔ
laziness
N

v_hab-trLght-obUnif-suAg_obThAbst-PROPTY_GEN


Wɔbo toi
“We listened”
Wɔbo
wɔ-̀bo
1PLAORlisten
V
toi
toi
ear
N

v-tr-obUnif-suAgsens_obLocus-PERCP


Enu kooloo lɛ he fu
“He smelled the animal”
Enu
e-̀nu
3SGAORhear
V
kooloo
kooloo
animal
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
he
he
self
N
fu
fu
smell
N

v-tr-obSpecPostp-suSens_obPercpt-PERCPT


Mina akɛ eyɛ jɛmɛ
“I saw that he was there”
Mina
mi-̀na
1SGAORsee
V
akɛ
akɛ
COMPL
PRT
eyɛ
e-̀yɛ
3SGAORbe.at
V
jɛmɛ
jɛmɛ
there
N

v-tr_obDECLcmp-suSens_obPercsit-PERCPT


Masumɔ ní Akwele aye nii
“I want Akwele to eat”
Masumɔ
masumɔ
1SGSBJVlike
V
ní
ní
COMPL
PRT
Akwele
akwele
name
Np
aye
aye
SBJVeat
V
nii
nii
things
N

v-tr-obIRRcmp-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT


Ebɔi amɛbimɔ
“He began to ask them”
Ebɔi
e-̀bɔi
3SGAORbegin
V
amɛbimɔ
amɛbimɔ
3PLPOSSaskNOM
N

v-tr-suIDobSu_obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-INCHOATIVE


Mitsa mikasemɔ nɔ
“I continued my studies”
Mitsa
mitsa
1SGAORcontinue
V
mikasemɔ
mikasemɔ
1SGPOSSlearnNOM
N
nɔ
nɔ
surface
N

v-tr-obPostp_obSpecNomvL-suAg_obLocsit-CONTINUATION


Amɛha Kofi aba
“They allowed Kofi to come”
Amɛha
amɛha
3PLAORgive
V
Kofi
kòfí
name
Np
aba
aba
SBJVcome
V

v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-PERMISSION


Obaahi yeli
“You will be eating”
Obaahi
obaahi
2SGINGRFUTstay
V
yeli
yeli
eatNOM
N

v-tr-obNomvL-suAg_obThsit-CONTINUATION


Efɔɔ kaa akɛ amɛbaa biɛ
“It often happens that they come here”
Efɔɔ
efɔɔ
3SGdo.oftenHAB
V
kaa
kaa
stickNOM
N
akɛ
akɛ
COMPL
PRT
amɛbaa
amɛbaa
3PLcomeHAB
V
biɛ
biɛ
here
N

v_HAB-trImpersComp-suExpl_obNomvL-


Eye loo fe mi
“She ate more fish than me”
Eye
eye
3SGAOReat
V
loo
loo
fish
N
fe
-̀fe
AORsurpass
V
mi
mi
1SG
Np

v-trVid-suAg_obAffincrem_vidObTrgt-COMPARISON_COMPARATIVE


Wɔbi onaanemɛi ashi yɛ edɛŋ
“We asked him about your friends”
Wɔbi
wɔbi
1PLAORask
V
onaanemɛi
onaanemɛi
2SGPOSSfriendPL
N
ashi
ashi
POSSdown
N
yɛ
yɛ
be.at
V
edɛŋ
edɛŋ
3SGPOSShandLOC
N

v-trVid-obPostp_vidObBPspec-suAg_obTop_vidObLoc-ASKING_ABOUT


Efo mli yɛ eblayeiaŋ
“She has gone through her young-womanhood/puberty”
Efo
e-̀fo
she3SGAORcut
V
mli
mli
inside
N
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
eblayeiaŋ
eblayeiaŋ
her3SGPOSSyoung.womanPLPOSSLOC
N

v-trVid-obPostp_obSpecIDvidObSpec-suAg_obLocus_vidObLoc-EXPER


Ogbee shi yɛ asafo mli lɛ
“You lost your status in the organization”
Ogbee
o-̀gbee
you3SGAORfall
V
shi
shi
down
N
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
asafo
asafo
company
N
mli
mli
inside
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET

v-trVid-vidObPostp-suMover_obEndpt_vidObLocus-CHANGE_STATUS


Ehɛle shi yɛ wɔ mli
“She woke up with a start”
Ehɛle
e-̀hɛle
sheAORrealize
V
shi
shi
down
N
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
wɔ
wɔ
sleep
N
mli
mli
inside
N

v-trVid-vidObPostp-suExper_obLoc_vidObStartpt-CONSCIOUSNESS


Amɛbabɔ ade yɛ Ga
“They came to settle permanently in Accra”
Amɛbabɔ
amɛba-̀bɔ
they3PLINGRAORcreate
V
ade
ade
world
N
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
Ga
ga
Accra
Np

v-trVid-obUnif-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ASSUME_LOCATION


Abu lɛ bem
“He was declared innocent”
Abu
a-̀bu
3PAORdeclare
V
lɛ
lɛ
3SG
N
bem
bem
innocence
N

v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Content-COMMUNICATION


Eha mi shika
“He gave me money”
Eha
e-̀ha
3SGAORgive
V
mi
mi
me1SG
Np
shika
shika
money
N

v-ditr-suAg_iobRec_obTh-TRANSFER


Miida bo shi
“I thank you”
Miida
miida
I1SGPROGthank
V
bo
bo
2SG
PN
shi
shi
down
N

v-ditr-suAg_obTrgt_ob2Loc-COMMUNICATION


Efɔ mi nine
“She waved to me; invited me”
Efɔ
e-̀fɔ
3SGAORthrow
V
mi
mi
me1SG
Np
nine
nine
hand
N

v-ditr-suAg_iobTrgt_obThmover-COMMUNICATION


Nuu lɛ baŋ lɛ klante
“The man slashed him with a cutlass”
Nuu
nuú
man
N
lɛ
!ɛ́
DEF
DET
baŋ
-̀baŋ
AORslash
V
lɛ
lɛ
3SG
PN
klante
klante
cutlass
N

v-ditr-suAg_obAff_ob2Instr-CUTTING


Ba ni amɛba nɛɛ
“They definitely came”
Ba
ba
come
N
ni
ni
FOC
PTCP
amɛba
amɛba
3PLcome
V
nɛɛ
nɛɛ
thatDEF
DET

Verb focus


Aduawa lɛ ba
“The seed germinated”
Aduawa
aduawá
seed
N
lɛ
à
DEF
DET
ba
-̀ba
AORcome
V

v-intr-suTh-PHENOM


Daa lɛ eba ehiɛ
“He is tipsy, drunk”
Daa
Dã̀ã́
drink
N
lɛ
lã́
DEF
DET
eba
ébà
PFVcome
V
ehiɛ
èhĩ́!ɛ̃́
3SGPOSSface
N

v-tr-obPostp-suTh_obLoc-STATE


Eba ehe shi
Eba
èbà
3SGAORbeg
V
ehe
èhè
3SGPOSSself
N
shi
shĩ̀
down
N

v-ditr-obPostp-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc


Eba ejeŋ jogbaŋŋ
“She behaves well”
Eba
èbà
3SGAORcome
V
ejeŋ
èjèŋ̀
3SGPOSSworldLOC
N
jogbaŋŋ
jògbaŋ̀ŋ̀
well
ADVm

v-tr-suIDspecOb-suAg_obLoc


Shikpɔŋ nɛɛ baa abele jogbaŋŋ
Shikpɔŋ
shìkpɔ́ŋ̀
land
N
nɛɛ
nɛ́ɛ̀
thatDEF
DET
baa
bàà
comeHAB
V
abele
àbèlé
maize
N
jogbaŋŋ
jògbaŋ̀ŋ̀
well
ADVm

v-tr-suEmitter_obTh-EMISSION


Eba shika yɛ midɛ
“She borrowed money from me”
Eba
èbà
3SGSBJAORbeg
V
[
 
shika
shìká
money
N
]obj
 
[
 
yɛ
-̀yɛ̀
AORbe.at
V
midɛ
mí!dɛ́
1SGPOSShand
N
]adjunct
 

v-trVid-vidObBPvidObSpec-suAg_obTh_vidObLocus


Maba otoi fioo
“I will say something to you; Please give me a little attention”
Maba
má!bá
1SGFUTbeg
V
otoi
ótòí
2SGPOSSear
N
fioo
fíóó
little
ADVm

v-tr-obBPobSpec-suAg_obLoc-COMMUNICATION


Gbomɔ kpatuuu kpɔɔɔ
“A person doesn't prosper without effort - no pain no gain”
Gbòmɔ̀
Gbòmɔ̀
personSBJ
CN
kpá!túú
kpá!túú
doNEGIPFV
V
kpɔ́ɔ̂
kpɔ́ɔ̂
pluckNEGIPFV
V

sv-suAspIDALLsuAg-v1Intr-v2Intr-EFFORT_ACHVMNT


Wɔnyɛɔ ni wɔba
“We are able to come”
Wɔnyɛɔ
wɔnyɛɔ
1PLableHAB
V
ní
ní
COMPL
PRT
wɔba
wɔ́ba
1PLSBJVcome
V

v-intrComp-compIRRcmp_suIDcompSu-suAgintent-ABILITY


Emii eshɛ ehe
“He is happy”
Emii
emii
3SGPOSSthroat
N
eshɛ
éshɛ
PFVreach
V
ehe
ehe
3SGPOSSself
N

v-tr-suSpecIDobSpec_suBPspec-suTh_obEndpt-PSYCHSTATE


Miitao eba
“I want him to come”
Miitao
miitao
1SGPROGwant
V
éba
éba
3SGSBJVcome
V

v-tr-obIRRbare-suAgintent_obThsit-INTENT


Mina lɛ ni enyiɛ
“I saw him walk”
Mina
mi-̀na
1SGAORsee
V
lɛ
lɛ
3SG
PN
ní
ní
COMPL
PRT
enyiɛ
e-̀nyiɛ
3SGAORwalk
V

v-trExpn-obIDexpnSu_expnDECLcmp-suSens_obTh-PERCPT


Ema wolo lɛ yɛ midɛ
“She borrowed the book from me”
Ema
ema
3SGAORborrow
V
wolo
wòló
book
N
lɛ
ɛ
DEF
DET
yɛ
-̀yɛ
AORbe.at
V
midɛ
midɛ
1SGPOSShand
N

v-trVid-vidObBPspec-suAg_obTh_vidObLoc-ACQUISITION


Nyɔŋmɔ lɛ eba shi
“The rain has let up, reduced”
Nyɔŋmɔ
nyɔ̀ŋmɔ́
heavens
N
lɛ
!ɔ́
DEF
DET
éba
ébà
3SGPFVcome
V
shi
shĩ̀
down
N

v-tr-suSource_obEndpt-PHENOM


Enaa ba shi
“It lessened, was reduced”
Enaa
enaa
3SGPOSSedge
N
ba
-̀ba
AORcome
V
shi
shi
down
N

v-tr-suPostp-suLocus_obEndpt-REDUCTION


Eba nɔ
“She has become very disrespectful”
Eba
ébà
3SGPFVcome
V
nɔ
Ønɔ̃̀
3SGPOSSsurface
N

v-tr-obPostp-suAg_obLocus-


Eba lɛ shi
“She lowered it”
Èbà
èbà
3SGAORcome
V
lɛ̀
lɛ̀
3SG
PN
shĩ̀
shĩ̀
down
N

v-ditr-suAg_obTh_ob2Loc-MOTIONDIRECTED


Akɛmiibaa kusum lɛ yi
“The custom is thereby being preserved”
Akɛmiiba
àkɛ̀m̀bàà
3PmovePROGguard
V
kusum
kùsú!m
custom
N
lɛ
ɛ̀
DEF
DET
yi
yì
head
N

evsuAg-pv1tr-pv1obInstr-vtr-obPostp-obLocus


--Lars Hellan (talk) 20:09, 19 December 2016 (CET)

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