Difference between revisions of "Valence Profile English"
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This list is built on the Norwegian list included in SLAVOB 6.3 | This list is built on the Norwegian list included in SLAVOB 6.3 | ||
| − | Intransitive: | + | |
| + | '''Intransitive:''' | ||
v-intr│suAg│ACTIVITY | v-intr│suAg│ACTIVITY | ||
the boy jumps | the boy jumps | ||
Revision as of 15:04, 7 July 2014
LIST OF ENGLISH VERB CONSTRUCTION TYPES
Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu
This list is built on the Norwegian list included in SLAVOB 6.3
Intransitive:
v-intr│suAg│ACTIVITY
the boy jumps DEF boy-DEF jump-SG.PRES
v-intr│suAg│SEMELFACTIVE
the boy jumps DEF boy jump-SG.PRES
v-intr│suAg│COMPLETEDMONODEVMNT
Jack ate. J eat-PAST
v-intr│suSens│PROTR-SENSATION
the boy listens DEF boy listen-SG.PRES
v-intr│suTh│PROCESS
the ice melts DEF ice melt-SG.PRES
v-intr│suTh│SUSTAINEDPHENOM
the rain continued DEF rain continue-PST
v-intr│suThmover│MOTION
the ball rolls DEF ball roll-SG.PRES
v-intr-suAbsGer│suThsit│ASSESS
getting money for political favours stinks get-GER money for PREP political favours stink-SG.PRES
v-intr-suNrg│PHENOM
it rains PRON.EXPL rain-PRES
v-intrAdv│suAg│ACHIEVEMENT
he functions well
3SG function-SG.PRES well
Jane writes badly J write-3SG.PRES badly
v-intrAdv│suTh│PROPTY
The machine functions well DET machine function-3SG.PRES well
v-intrObl│suAg_oblInstr│ACTIVITY
Jane wrote with a pen J write-PST with DET pen
v-intrObl│suAg_oblTrgt│ACTIVITY
Jane wrote to John J write-PST to J
v-intrObl-oblEndpt│suAgmover│MOTIONDIRECTED
John walked into the room
v-intrObl│suExp_oblCsr│EMOTIONCAUSED
they grieved over the death PRON.3PL grieve-PST over DET death
v-intrObl│suTh_oblLoc│PHENOM
stars appear in the heavens star-PL appear-PRES in DET heavens
v-intrObl-oblEqSuGer│suAg_oblContent│ASSESS
Jane believes in speaking her mind J be engaged PREP write-GER
v-intrObl│suPurelyorient_oblTrgt│ORIENT
the arrow points to the north
DEF arrow point-3SG.PRES PREP DEF north v-intrObl│suPath_oblTrgt│PATHCONSTELLATION
the road goes towards the north
DEF road go-3SG.PRES PREP DEF north v-intrAdvPath│suLocomoevent│LOCOMODEVELOPMENT
the tour goes northwards
DEF tour go-SG.PRES northwards v-intrAdvPresent-suExpn│suThmover│MOTIONPRESENTED
there goes the ball there go-3SG.PRES DEF ball
v-intrComp│suCog_compThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
Kathy thought I would come K think-PST 1SG would come
v-intrComp-compYN│suCog_compThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
Kathy wonders whether I will come K. wonder-3SG.PRES WH.YN PRON.1SG AUX.FUT come
v-intrComp-compWH│suCog_compThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
Kathy wonders who will come K. wonder-SG.PRES WH.HUMAN AUX.FUT come
v-intrExlnk-ExlnkDECL
it appears that he will come PRON.EXPL appear-SG.PRES COMP PRON.SG FUT come
v-intrExpn-expnAbsinf│ASSESS
it helps to sit down PRON.EXPL help-PRES INF sit down
v-intrExpn-expnDECL_suNrg│PHENOM
it happens that the earth is round PRON.EXPL happen-PRES COMP DEF earth be-3SG.PRES round
v-intrExpn-expnEquat│ASSESS
it looks as if he did it PRON.EXPL look-PRES CONJ PRON.3SG do-PST it
v-intrExpn-expnWH_suNrg
it is a question who comes PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES DET question WH.HUMAN come-SG.PRES
v-intrExpn-expnYN
it is a question whether he can do it PRON.EXPL be.SG.PRES DET question WH.YN PRON.3S can-SG.PRES do PRON
v-intrImplMotion│suPath│CROSSINGPATHS
their paths crossed PRON.POSS.3PL cross-PST
v-intrObRais-suNrg_obRaisInf│obThsit│EXHIBACT
He appears to come he appears INF come
v-intrObl│suAg_oblAffincrem│NONCOMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
she nibbles at the apple
PRON.3SG eat-PRES PREP DEF apple v-intrObl│suAg_oblLoc│LOCATION
she lives in London PRON.3SG live-PRES PREP London
v-intrObl│suAg_oblTopic│ACTIVITY-COMMUNICATION EVENT?
I talk about Jane PRON.1SG talk-PRES about Jane
v-intrObl│suAg_oblTrgt│EMISSION
he vomited on the tablecloth PRON.3SG vomit-PAST PREP DEF tablecloth
v-intrObl│suTh_oblLoc│INCHOATIONLOCATED
A crack appears in the glass DET crack appear-SG.PRES PREP DEF glass
v-intrObl│suTh_oblLoc│LOCATION
Boston is in Massachusetts B. lie-PRES PROP M.
v-intrObl│suTh_oblLoc│LOCATION
The town lies in the valley DEF town lie-SG.PRES PREP DEF valley
v-intrObl│suTh_oblPoss│POSSESSION
the book belongs to Jane book-DEF belong-3SG.PRES to J
v-intrObl_suWH│suThsit_oblTh│DEPEND
who comes depends on you who comes depend-SG.PRES PREP you
v-intrObl-suWH_oblWH│suThsit_oblTh│DEPEND
who comes depends on what you do WH.human come-SG.PRES depend-SG.PRES PREP WH.nonhum PRON.2SG do
v-intrObl-suYN│suThsit_oblTh│DEPEND
whether he comes depends on you WH.YN PRON.3SG come-SG.PRES depend-SG.PRES PREP PRON.2SG
v-intrObl-suYN_oblYN│suThsit_oblTh│DEPEND
whether he comes depends on whether you come WH.YN PRON.3SG come-SG.PRES depend-SG.PRES PREP WH.YN PRON.2SG come
v-intrObl-oblAbsGer│suAg_oblContent│ACTIVITY-ABOUTNESS
they talk about travelling to Mars PRON.3PL talk-PRES PREP travel-GER to Mars
v-intrObl-oblDeclNom│suAg_oblContent│ACTIVITY
they talk about it being too late PRON.3PL talk-PRES PREP 3SG be-GER too late
v-intrObl-oblEqSuInf│suAg_oblContent│ACTIVITY-PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
he hopes to come PRON.3SG hope-SG.PRES INF come
v-intrObl-oblInf│suAg_oblEventcont│CAUSATION
we arranged for him to get a visa PRON.1PL arrange-PST for him INF get a visa
v-intrOblExpn-suNrg_expnYN
it depends on you whether he will win PRON.EXPL depend-3SG.PRES PREP PRON.2SG WH.YN PRON.3SG FUT win
v-intrOblPath│suAgmover_OblEndpt│MOTIONtoENDPT
a man runs to here DET man run-3SG.PRES PREP here (where ‘here’ means ‘point X’)
v-intrOblScpr-scSuNrg_scInf│oblCog_scThsit│PERCPT
he seems to me to be in a good mood he seem-PRES me in good mood
v-intrPrtcl-suNrg│TELIC-PHENOM
it clears up
PRON.EXPL clear-PRES up v-intrScPr-scPrAdj│suSens│PROTR-EXPER
the boy feels cold DEF boy feel-SG.PRES cold
v-intrScPr-suBPspec_scPrAdj│suThloc│PARTWHOLEEXPER
my back feels cold 1SG.POSS back feel-3SG.PRES cold
v-intrScPrExpn-ScPrAdj_ExpnDECL
it is urgent that it gets tidied up PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES urgent COMP 3SG.nonhum get-3SG.PRES tidy-PART ADV It is essential that he comes PRON.EXPL be.SG.PRES essential COMP PRON.3SG come-SG.PRES
v-intrPresnt│presTh
there lived a man
PRON.EXPL live-PAST DET man v-intrPresntLoc│presntAg_advLoc│POSTURELOC
there sits a man in the chair PRON.EXPL sit-3SG.PRES DET man PREP DEF chair
v-intrPresnt-suNrg_presntREL│presThsit
There comes a time when nothing works PRON.EXPL come-PRES DET time WH.TIME PRON work-SG.PRES
v-intrPrtcl│suAg│SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
Jack keeps on
Jack keep-3SG.PRES on v-intrPrtcl│suTh│SUSTAINEDPHENOM
The rain keeps on DEF rain keep-3SG.PRES on
v-intrPrtclGer│suAg│SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
Jack kept on running J keep-PST on run-GER
v-intrPrtclObl│suAg_obl│SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
Jack kept on with his running J keep-PST on with his running
v-intrScpr-scAdj│suThmover│EXHIBPROPTY
the water runs clear (formerly it didn’t) DEF water run-3SG.PRES clear
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scAdj│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy seems sick DEF boy seem-3SG.PRES sick
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scInf
he seems to believe it PRON.3SG seem-PRES INF believe it
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scAdj│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy seems sensible boy-DEF seem-3SG.PRES sensible
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scInf│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy seems to be a leader DEF boy seem-3SG.PRES INF be DET leader
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scPP│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy seems in good shape DEF boy seem-3SG.PRES PREP good shape
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy appears as a hero in the report DEF boy appear-3SG.PRES as a hero PREP DEF report
v-intrScpr-scSuArgCsd_scAdv│suTh│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
the coffee boils away DEF coffee boil-PRES away
v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCsd_scAdv│INCREMRESULT
the cup runs over
DEF cup run-3SG.PRES over v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCsd_scAdv│INCREMRESULT
the shore eroded away DEF shore erode-PAST away
v-intrScpr-scSuNrgCsd_scPP│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
the house burned to a cinder
DEF house burn-PAST PREP DET cinder v-intrScpr-suNrg_scEquat│RESULT
it looks as though he came
3SG look-SG.PRES as though PRON.3SG come-PST v-intrScpr-scAdj│suTh│PROPTYDYN
the house stands empty DEF house stand-3SG.PRES empty The property lay unattended
DEF property lie-PST unattended v-intrLghtScpr-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl
the boy emerged as a suspect DEF boy emerge-PST as DET suspect
v-intrLghtScpr-scSuNrgCsd_scAdj│INCREMRESULT
the company goes broke DEF company go-3SG.PRES broke
v-intrPrtclScpr-scSuNrg_scAdj│EXHIBPROPTY
The boy ended up sick DEF boy end-PST up sick
v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scPredprtcl│EXHIBPROPTY
the boy sounds like a parrot DEF boy sound-3SG.PRES like DET parrot
v-intrObl│suAg_oblTrg│COMPARISON
The boy runs like a donkey DEF boy run-3SG.PRES like DET donkey
v-intrWH│PHENOM
A time comes when nothing works DET time come-3SG.PRES WH.time nothing work-3SG.PRES
v-intrAuxmodComp-compEqBareinf│suAg_compThsit
Jane can paddle Jane can-PRES paddle This template classifies the construction from the viewpoint of can being the head of the construction, and acting as an ‘equi’ verb, thus with a so-called ‘root’ interpretation. From a viewpoint more motivating the term ‘auxiliary verb’, an alternative template is axv_intr-av1mod, seeing paddle as the head, just being preceded by the modal.
v-intrAuxmodScpr-suDir_scSuNrg_scAdv
he must go out PRON.3SG must go out
Transitive: v-tr│suAg_oblAffincrem│MONODEVMNT
she eats the apple
PRON.3SG eat-PRES DEF apple v-tr│suAg_obAff│CONTACTFORCEFUL Jack beats John
Ja beat-3SG.PRES Jo
v-tr│suAg_obAffincrem│COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
Kathy ate the cake K. eat-PST DEF cake
v-tr│suAgmover_obPathobj│MOTIONALONGLINE
Kathy follows the path K. follow-3SG PRES DEF path
v-tr│suAgmover_obAgmover│MOTIONCROSSPATHS
the boy crosses the demonstration parade
DEF boy cross-3SG.PRES DEF parade v-tr│suAgmover_obEndpnt│MOTIONtoENDPT
Kathy reaches the top K. reach-3SG.PRES DEF top John entered the room
v-tr│suAgmover_obStartpt│MOTIONDIRECTED
Kathy left the room
v-tr│suAg_obEjct│EJECTION
Kathy throws the ball
K. throw-3SG.PRES DEF ball v-tr│suAg_obEjctinobj│EJECTION
she shoots plastic bullets PRON.3SG shoot-3SG.PRES plastic bullets
v-tr│suAg_obEventcont│ACTIVITY
she sang a beautiful song PRON.3SG sing-PST DET beautiful song
v-tr│suAg_obExp│EMOTIONCAUSED
Kathy frightens Jane K. frighten-3SG.PRES J.
v-tr│suAgmover_obLengthcont│MOTIONEXTENDING
the boy walks two kilometers
DEF boy walk-3SG.PRES two kilometer-PL v-tr│suAg_obTh│REPRESENTING
Kathy mentions Jane K. mention-3SG.PRES J.
v-tr│suAg_obThincrem│COMPLETED_MONODEVMNT
Kathy read the book K. read-PST book-DEF
v-tr│suAg_obThmover│MOTIONCAUSED
Kathy sends the parcel K. send-3SG.PRES DEF parcel
v-tr│suAgmover_obViapnt│MOTIONviaVIAPT
Kathy passes the church K. pass-3SG.PRES DEF church
v-tr│suCog_obTh│COGNITION
Kathy knows the answer K. know-3SG.PRES DEF answer
v-tr│suComitmover_obAgmover│MOTIONPARALLEL
the boy accompanies the president
DEF boy accompany-3SG.PRES DEF president v-tr│suExp_obTrgt│EMOTION
Jane likes horses J like-3SG.PRES horse-PL
v-tr│suOrientedline_obOrientedline│CROSSINGPATHS
the stroke cuts the line
DEF stroke cut-3SG.PRES DEF line v-tr│suOrientedline_obOrientedline│PARALLELPATHS
the stroke follows the line
DEF stroke follow-3SG.PRES DEF line
The path follows the river DEF path follow-3SG.PRES DEF river
v-tr│suPathobj_obEndpnt│EXTENSIONtoENDPT
the path reaches the top DEF path reach-3SG.PRES DEF top
v-tr│suPathobj_obViapnt│EXTENSIONviaVIAPT
the path passes the church DEF path pass-3SG.PRES DEF church
v-tr│suSens_obTh│SENSATION
Kathy sees Jane K. see-3SG.PRES J.
v-tr│suPoss_obPossd│POSSESSION
Jack owns a car
v-tr│suTh_obBen│PENDINGSTATE
an accident awaits him DET accident await-3SG.PRES PRON.3SG
v-tr│suTh_obExp│EMOTIONCAUSED
the book depresses Jane book-DEF depress-3SG.PRES J
v-tr│suTh_obLengthcont│EXTENDING
the track measures 400 meters DEF track measure-3SG.PRES 400 meter-PL
v-tr│suTh_obSens│SENSATIONCAUSED
the stone hurt Jane DEF stone hurt-3SG.PST J
v-tr│suTh_obTimecont│LASTING
the film lasts 5 hours DEF film last-3SG.PRES 5 hour-PL
v-tr│suTh_obWeightcont│WEIGHING
the stone weighs 5 kg DEF stone weigh-3SG.PRES 5 kg
v-trImpltransf│suAg_obRec│RENDERINGinPOSITION
he dressed the boy PRON.3SG dress-PAST DEF boy
v-trImpltransfObl│suAg_obTh_oblLoc│RENDERINGinPOSITION
he spilled water on the tablecloth he spill-PAST on DEF tablecloth
v-trImpltransfObl-OblRefl│suAg_obTh_oblTrgt│RENDERINGinPOSITION
he spilled water on himself he spill-PAST water PREP PRON.REFL
v-trImpltransf-obRefl│suAg_obPat│RENDERINGinPOSITION
he dressed himself he dress-PAST 3SG.REFL
v-tr-suGer│suEffector_obAff│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
getting money for political favours disgusts me get-GER money for political favours disgust-3SG.PRES 1SG
v-tr-suAbsger│suThsit_obAff│EXPERIENCECAUSED
getting money for political favours disgusts me get-GER money for political favours disgust-3SG.PRES 1SG
v-tr-suAbsger│suThsit_obCog│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
building highrises interests Kathy Build-GER highrise-PL interest-3SG.PRES K.
v-tr-suGer│suThsit_obCog│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
My coming astonishes Kathy PRON.POSS.1SG come-GER astonish-3SG.PRES K
v-tr-suGer_obDECL│suThsit_obThsit│CAUSATION
Jane’s coming entails that you must come J-POSS come-GER entail-3SG.PRES COMP PRON.2SG must come
v-tr-suGer_obYN│suThsit_obThsit│CAUSATION
Jane’s coming determines whether you come J-POSS come-GER determine-3SG.PRES WH.YN PRON.2SG come
v-tr-suWH│suThsit_obCog│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
who comes interests Kathy WH.hum come-3SG.PRES interest-3SG.PRES K.
v-tr-suWH_obWH│suThsit_obThsit│CAUSATION
Who comes decides who will win WH.Hum come-3SG.PRES decide-3SG.PRES WH.Hum FUT win
v-tr-suYN│suThsit_obCog│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
Whether I come interests Kathy WH.YN PRON.1SG come-PRES interest-3SG.PRES K.
v-tr-obAbsger│suAg_obThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
Kathy considers coming K. consider-3SG.PRES come-GER
v-tr-obDECL│suAg_obEventcont│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGENTITY
we arranged that he got a visa PRON.1PL arrange-PST COMP PRON.3SG get-PST DET visa
v-tr-obDECL│suCog_obThsit│COGNITION
Kathy knows that I came K. know-3SG.PRES COMP PRON.1SG come-PST
v-tr-obDECL│suCog_obThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
I assume that he is qualified PRON.1SG assume COMP he is qualified
v-tr-obDECL│suSens_obThsit│SENSATION
Kathy sees that Jane sleeps K. see-3SG.PRES COMP J. sleep-3SG.PRES
v-tr-obEqInf│suAg_obThsit│ACTIVITY
Kathy tries to come K. try-3SG.PRES INF come
v-tr-obRefl│suAg_obAff│AFFECTING
Kathy washes herself K. wash-3SG.PRES REFL
v-trExpnSu-expnDECL│obCog_expnThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
it worries me that he hasn’t come PRON.EXPL worry-3SG.PRES PRON.1SG COMP PRON.3SG AUX-NEG come
v-trExpnSu-expnCOND│obCog_expnThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
it will not surprise me if he comes PRON.EXPL FUT NEG surprise PRON.1SG CONJ PRON.3SG come-3SG.PRES
v-trExpnSu-expnEqInf│obCog_expnSuThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
it pleases me to come PRON.EXPL please-3SG.PRES PRON.1SG INF come
v-trExpnSu│obMeas_expnAbsinf││ASSESS
it takes two hours to go there PRON.EXPL take-3SG.PRES two hours INF go there
v-trExpnOb-expnCOND│suCog_expnThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
I will deplore it if you come PRON.1SG FUT deplore PRON.EXPL CONJ PRON.SG come
v-trExpnOb-expnAbsinf│suAg_expnThsit│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGENTITY
we make it impossible to come PRON.1PL make PRON.EXPL impossible INF come
v-trNrf-obReflExpl│suAgmover│MOTION
the boy raised himself
DEF boy raise-PST REFL v-trNrfPrt_obReflExpl│suAgmover│MOTIONDIRECTED
The boy pulled himself up DEF boy pull-PST REFL up
v-trNrfAdv-obReflExpl│suAg│ACTIVITY
he behaved himself nicely PRON.3SG behave-PST REFL
v-trNrfObl-obReflExpl_oblEqSuGer│suAg_oblThsit
Jane resigned herself to waiting J resign-PST REFL to wait-GER
v-trNrfPath-obReflExpl│suAgmover│MOTION
He pushes himself forward PRON.3SG push-3SG.PRES REFL forward
v-trNrfPrtcl-obRefl│suAg│ACTIVITY
Kathy messed herself up K. mess-PST REFL up
v-trNrfScpr-obReflExpl_scSuNrg_scAdj│suAg
he made himself sick PRON.3SG make-PST REFL sick
v-trNrfScpr-obReflExpl_scSuNrg_scAdj│suAg│INCREMENTALRESULT
he shouted himself hoarse PRON.3SG shout-PST REFL hoarse
v-trObl│suAg_obTh_oblIntrloc│COMMUNICATION
he told the news to Kathy PRON.3SG tell-PST DEF news to K
v-trObl-obRefl│suAg_obTh_oblCom│ACHVMNT
he allied himself with the boy PRON.3SG ally-PST REFL with DEF boy
v-trObl-obRefl_oblBPob│suAg_obAff_oblThloc│PARTWHOLEAFFECTING
Jack scratched himself on the back J. scratch-PST REFL on DEF back
v-trObl-obReflExpl_oblBPob│suAff_oblThloc│PARTWHOLEAFFECTING
Jack cut himself on the knee J. cut-PST REFL on DEF knee
v-trObl-oblBPob│suAg_obAff_oblThloc│PARTWHOLEAFFECTING
I kicked Jack in the leg I kick-PST J. in DEF leg
v-trObl-oblDECL│suAg_obIntrloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
he told Jack that he had come PRON.3SG tell-PST J. COMP PRON.3SG PRF come
v-trObl-oblPP│suAg_obIntrloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
he told Jack about his coming PRON.3SG tell-PST J. about PRON.3SG.POSS come-GER
v-trObl-oblYN│suAg_obIntrloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
He asked Jack whether he came PRON.3SG ask-PST WH.YN PRON.3SG come-PST
v-trPassinf-EqSuInf│suAg_obIntrloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
he begged me to be allowed to come PRON.3SG beg-PST PRON.1SG INF be allowed INF come
v-trObl-oblInf│suAg_obInterloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
he begged me to go PRON.3SG beg-PST PRON.1SG INF go
v-trObl-obRefl_oblEqSuGer│suAg_obTh_oblThsit│COMMITMENT
he commits himself to coming PRON.3SG commit-3SG.PRES REFL INF come
v-trObl-oblPP│suAg_obInterloc_oblThsit│LOCUTACT
we tell the children about building houses PRON.1PL tell-PRES DEF child-PL about build-GER houses
v-trOblScpr-scSuNrg_scN│oblCog_scThsit│PERCPT
he seems to me an idiot PRON.3SG seem-3SG.PRES to PRON.1SG DET idiot
v-trOblScpr-scSuNrg_scInf│oblCog_scThsit│PERCPT
He seems to me to be an idiot PRON.3SG seem-3SG.PRES to PRON.1SG INF be DET idiot
v-trPath│suAg_obPurelyorient│ORIENT
he directs the arrow to the north
PRON.3SG direct-PRES DEF arrow to DEF north v-trPath│suAg_obOrientedline│LINESITUATING
he draws the line to the left
PRON.3SG draw-PRES DEF line to DEF left v-trPath│suAgmover_obLocomoevent│LOCOMOCONDUCTION
they take the tour to the north
PRON.3PL take-PRES DEF tour to DEF north v-trPath│suAgmover_obOrientedline│USINGPATH
the boy will take the path toward the river
DEF boy will take DEF path toward DEF river v-trPath│suAgmover_obInstrmover│USINGVEHICLE
the boy will take the bus to town
DEF boy FUT take DEF bus to town v-trPrtcl│suExper_obTh│EXHIBATTITUDE
Kathy approves of your choice K approve-3SG.PRES of PRON.POSS.2SG choice
v-trPrtcl│suCog_obTh│COGNITION
Kathy found out the answer K. find-PST out DEF answer
v-trPrtcl-obDECLcmp│suCog_obThsit│COGNITION
Kathy found out that I came K. find-PAST out COMP PRON.1SG come-PST
v-trPrtcl-obRefl│suAg_obTh│COMPLETEDACTIVITY
Kathy cleaned herself up K. clean-PST REFL up
v-trPrtcl-obYN-suCog_obThsit-COGNITION
Kathy found out whether they came K. find-PST out WH.YN PRON.3PL come-PST
v-trPrtcl-obWH│suCog_obThsit│COGNITION
Kathy found out who came K. find-PST out WH.HUM come-PST Kathy figured out what the answer was. K. figure-PST out WH.NONHUM DEF answer be-PST
v-trScpr-scBareinf│suSens_obThsit│SENSATION
I saw him run I see-PST him run
v-trScpr-obRefl_scSuNrg_scPassinf│suAg_obTrgt│PERMISSION
They let themselves be seen PRON.3PL let-PST REFL be seen
v-trScpr-scGer│suAg_obTime_scThsit│SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
we spent a week doing it
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scInf│suCog_scThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
I assume him to be qualified I assume-PRES him INF be qualified
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scGer│suSens│SENSATION
I saw him running (he was running) PRON.1SG see-PST PRON.3SG run-GER
v-trScpr-scEqSuGer│suSens_obTh│SENSATION
I saw him running (I was running) PRON.1SG see-PST PRON.3SG run-GER
v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scGer│suSens_obThsit│SENSATION
he felt himself falling he feel-PAST REFL fall-GER
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scAdj│suCog│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
she considers Jack qualified PRON.3SG consider-PRES J qualified
v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scAdj│suCog_obThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
she considers herself qualified PRON.3SG consider-3SG.PRES 3SG.REFL qualified
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scPredprtcl│suAg_obThsit│PROPOSITIONALATTITUDE
they perceived him as qualified PRON.3PL perceive-PST PRON.3S as qualified
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scN│suAg_obThsit│REPRESENT
she calls Jane a friend PRON.3SG call-PRES J DET friend
v-trScpr-scObNrg_obRefl_scN│suAg_obThsit│REPRESENT
she calls herself a friend she call-PRES REFL a friend
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scBareinf│suAg│PERMISSION
they let the man sing PRON.3PS let DEF man sing
v-trScpr-scObNrg_scPassInf│suAg│PERMISSION
they let the song be sung PRON.3PL let DEF song be.INF sing-PART
v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scAdj│suAg_obAffincrem│CONCURRSTATE
he drank the coffee cold he drink-PAST DEF coffee warm 'he drank the coffee warm'
v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scPP│suAg_obThvehcl│CONCURRSTATE
he drove the car in good condition
PRON.3SG drive-PAST DEF car in good condition v-trScpr-scObArgConcurr_scPredprtcl│suAg_obThvehcl│CONCURRSTATE
he drove the car like a tractor PRON.3SG drive-PAST DEF car like DET tractor
v-trScpr-scObArgRes_scAdj│suCsr_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGENTITY
she pounded the soil flat
PRON.3SG pound-PAST DEF soil flat v-trScpr-scObNrgRes_scPP│suCsr_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGENTITY
she put the house into good condition
PRON.3SG put-PAST DEF house into good condition v-trScpr-scObNrgRes_scPP│suCsr_scCsd│PLACEMENT
she put the shoes behind the door PRON.3SG put-PAST DEF shoe-PL behind DEF door
v-trScpr-scObArgCsd_scAdv│suAg_obAff_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
he kicked the ball away PRON.3SG kick-PAST DEF ball away
v-trScpr-scObNrgCsd_scAdj│suAg_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
they drank the house dry PRON.3PL drink-PAST DEF house dry
v-trScpr-scObNrgCsd_obRefl_scAdj│suAg_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
she ran herself ragged PRON.3SG run-PAST REFL ragged
v-trScprShft-scObArgCsd_scAdv│suAg_obAff_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
he pushed away the branches PRON.3SG push-PAST away DEF branch-PL
v-trScpr-obDir_obRefl_scObNrgCsd_scAdv│suAg_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
he gets himself away PRON.3SG get-PRES REFL away
v-trScpr-obPossp_scObNrgCsd_scAdv│suAg_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
he sang his sorrows away PRON.3SG sing-PAST PRON.POSS.3SG sorrow-PL away
v-trScprShft-obPossp_scObNrgCsd_scAdv│suAg_scCsd│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
she wiped away her tears PRON.3SG wipe-PAST PRON.POSS.3SG tear-PL
Ditransitive: v-ditr│suAg_iobRec_obTh│TRANSFER
I gave him the book I give-PAST him DEF book
v-ditr│suAg_iobBen_obTh│SUSTAINEDSTATE
he owes her a book PRON.3SG owe-3SG.PRES DET book
v-trAdv│suThsit_iobAg_advTime│SUSTAINEDACTIVITY
the job took us all day
v-ditr-suAbsger│suThsit_iobBen_obThabst│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
taking walks gives you strength take-GER walks give-3SG.PRES PRON.2 strength
v-ditr-suGer│suThsit_iobBen_obTh│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGEVENT
his singing gives Kathy a headache PRON.POSS.3SG sing-GER give-3SG.PRES K DET headache
v-ditr-suYN│suThsit_iobPrcvr_obTh│ASSESS
whether he comes first will give us our plan of attack whether PRON.3SG come-3SG.PRES first FUT show PRON.1PL plan of attack
v-ditr-suWH│suThsit_iobPrcvr_obThʧASSESS
what happens last gives us the plan of attack WH happen-3SG.PRES last give-3SG.PRES PRON.1PL DEF plan of attack
v-ditr-iobPP│suAg_obTh_iobRec│TRANSFER
Jack supplied fruit to the store
v-ditr-iobRefl│suAg_iobBen_obTh│AVAILING
he gave himself time he give-PAST REFL time
v-ditr-iobRefl│suAg_iobPermissee_obTh│PERMISSION
Kathy allowed herself three cakes K allow-PAST REFL three cakes
v-ditr-obDECL│suAg_iobIntrlctr_obThsit│COMMUNICATION
Kathy tells me that he often comes K tell-3SG.PRES PRON.1SG COMP PRON.3SG often come-PRES
v-ditr-obEqIobInf│suAg_iobPermissee_obThsit│COMMITMENT
Kathy allows him to come K. allow-3SG.PRES PRON.3SG INF come
v-ditr-obEqSuInf│suAg_iobIntrlctr_obThsit│COMMITMENT
Kathy promises him to come K. promise-3SG.PRES PRON.3SG INF come
v-ditr-obPP│suAg_iobRec_obTh│TRANSFER
Jack supplied us with fruits
v-ditr-obWH│suAg_iobIntrlctr_obThsit│COMMUNICATION
he tells me who comes PRON.3SG tell-3SG.PRES PRON.1SG WH come-3SG.PRES
v-ditr-obYN│suAg_iobIntrlctr_obThsit│COMMUNICATION
he tells me whether they come PRON.3SG tell-3SG.PRES PRON.1PL whether they come
v-ditr-iobRefl_obEqIobInf│suAg_iobPermissee_obThsit│COMMITMENT
Kathy allowed herself to come K. allow-3SG.PRES REFL INF come
v-ditr-obEqIobBareinf│suAg_iobInterloc_obThsit│COMMITMENT
Kathy bade him come K bid-3SG.PAST PRON.3SG come
v-ditr-obEqIobBareinf│suAg_iobPermissee_obThsit│PERMISSION
Kathy let him come K let PRON.3SG come
v-ditr-suWH_obWH│suThsit_iobPrcvr_obThsit│ASSESS
who comes first does not show us who comes last WH come-3SG.PRES first do-NEG show PRON.1PL WH come-3SG.PRES last
v-ditr-suYN_obYN│suThsit_iobPrcvr_obThsit│ASSESS
whether he comes first will show us whether they have a plan YN PRON.3SG come-3SG.PRES FUT show PRON.1PL WH PRON.3PL have DET plan
v-ditrComp-cmpDECL│suAg_iobC omit_obTh│CONDITIONALTRANSFER
I bet you fifty cents he won’t come PRON.1SG bet-PRES fifty cents PRON.3SG FUT.NEG come
v-ditrExpnSu-expnEqInf│obMeas│ASSESS
it took me two hours to get there PRON.EXPL take-PAST PRON.1SG two hours INF get there
v-ditrImpltransf│suCsr_iobAff_obTh│CAUSATIONwithCAUSINGENTITY
The book cost me ten dollars
v-ditrObl│suAg_iobRec_obTh_oblMeas│TRANSFER
Jack sold me the car for fifty dollars J sell-PAST PRON.1SG DEF car for 50 dollars
v-ditrObl│suAg_iobRec_obTh_oblTrgt│TRANSFER
Jack paid Jane fifty dollars for the car
v-ditrObl-iobPP│suAg_obTh_iobRec_oblMeas│TRANSFER
Jack sold the car to Jane for fifty dollars J sell-PAST DEF car to J for fifty dollars
v-ditrObl-iobPP│suAg_obTh_iobRec_oblTrgt│TRANSFER
Jack paid fifty dollars to Jane for the car
Copula: v-copAdj│suExper│SEMELFACTIVE
Jane is startled
Jane be.SG.PRES startled v-copAdj│suTh│PROPTY
he is kind he be-PRES kind
v-copAdj-suAbsGer│suThsit│ASSESS
getting money for political favours is disgusting get-GER money PREP political favours be-PRES disgusting running is healthy run-GER be-3SG.PRES healthy
v-copAdj-suDECL│suThsit│ASSESS
that he came at all is surprising COMP PRON.3SG at all be-3SG.PRES surprising
v-copAdj-suInf│suThsit│ASSESS
to err is human INF err be-3SG.PRES human
v-copAdj-suWH│suThsit│ASSESS
who will comes is uncertain WH FUT come be-3SG.PRES uncertain
v-copAdj-suYN│suThsit│ASSESS
whether he comes is uncertain WH PRON.3SG come-3SG.PRES be-3SG.PRES uncertain
v-copAdjObl-oblEqSuGer│suAg_oblActivity│HABITUALACTIVITY
Jane is busy (these days) with writing Jane busy PREP write-GER
v-copN│suTh│PROPTY
he is a fool PRON.3SG be-3SG.PRES fool
v-copN-suAbsger│suThsit│ASSESS
seeing him was a pleasure see-GER PRON.3SG be-3SG.PAST DET pleasure
v-copN-suDECL│suThsit│ASSESS
that he came was a shock COMP PRON.3SG come-PAST be-PAST DET shock
v-copN-suWH│suThsit│ASSESS
who should go is the question WH AUX go be-3SG.PRES DEF question
v-copN-suYN│suThsit│ASSESS
whether he will come is a question YN PRON.3SG FUT come be-3SG.PAST DET question
v-copPP│suTh│ASSESS
the performance was beyond belief DEF performance be-3SG.PAST beyond belief
v-copPP│suTh│EXHIBACTIVITY
The performance is in progress DEF performance be.3SG.PRES in progress
v-copPP-suDECL│suThsit│ASSESS
that he came was beyond our expectations COMP PRON.3SG come-PAST be.3SG.PAST PRON.POSS.1PL expectations
v-copPP-suWH│suThsit│ASSESS
who may perform is under consideration WH AUX perform be.3SG.PRES under consideration
v-copPP-suYN│suThsit│ASSESS
whether he may perform is under discussion YN PRON.3SG AUX perform be.3SG.PRES under discussion
v-copPredprtcl│suTh│ASSESS
The man is like a god DEF man be.3SG.PRES like DET god The result was as desired DEF result be.3SG.PAST as desired
v-copPredprtcl-suAbsinf│suThsit│ASSESS
to be there was like a dream INF be there was like a dream
v-copPredprtcl-suAbsger│suThsit│ASSESS
being there was like a dream be-GER there be.3SG.PAST like DET dream
v-copPredprtcl-suWH│suThsit│ASSESS
what he said was off the mark WH PRON.3SG say-PAST be.3SG.PAST off DEF mark
v-copExpnAdj-expnDECL│expnThsitɲASSESS
it is sad that he leaves PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES sad COMP PRON.3SG leaves
v-copExpnAdj-expnAbsinf│expnThsit│ASSESS
it is great to be healthy it is great INF be healthy
v-copExpnAdj-expnYN│expnThsit╠ASSESS
it is uncertain whether he comes PRON.EXPL is uncertain whether he comes
v-copExpnAdj-expnWH│expnThsit│ASSESS
it is uncertain who came PRON.EXPL is uncertain who come-PAST
v-copExpnN-expnAbsinf│expnThsit│ASSESS
It is a chore to chop wood PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES DET chore INF chop wood
v-copExpnN-expnDECL│expnThsit│ASSESS
it was a disappointment that he failed PRON.EXPL be.PAST DET disappointment COMP PRON.3SG fail-PAST
v-copExpnN-expnWH│expnThsit│ASSESS
it is a question who will come PRON.EXPL be DET question WH FUT come
v-copExpnN-expnYN│expnThsit│ASSESS
it is a question whether he will come PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES DET question YN PRON.3SG FUT come
v-copExpnNPredprt-expnAbsger│expnThsit│ASSESS
there is an art to eating spaghetti PRON.EXPL be.3SG.PRES DET art to eat-GER spaghetti
v-copExpnPP-expnDECL│expnThsit│ASSESS
it was in the third round that he lost PRON.EXPL be.PAST in DEF third round COMP PRON.3SG lose-PAST
v-copExpnPredprtPP-expnDECL│expnThsit│ASSESS
It is out of the question that he comes PRON.EXPL be.PAST out of DEF question COMP PRON.3SG come-3SG.PRES
v-copExpnPredprtcl-expnDECL│expnThsit│ASSESS
it is as well that he knows PRON.EXPL be as well COMP he knows
v-copImpersAdjLoc│ASSESS
It is nice here PRON.EXPL be.PRES nice here
v-copImpersAdjLoc-locPP│ASSESS
It is nice in Trondheim PRON.EXPL be.PRES nice in T
v-copIdN│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
this is the man PRON.DEICT is DEF man
v-copIdAbsinf│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
the task is to finish it DEF task be INF finish it
v-copIdDECL│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
the problem is that he likes herring DEF problem is COMP he likes herring
v-copIdWH│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
the problem is who gets it DEF problem is WH gets it
v-copIdYN│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
the problem is whether he eats meat DEF problem is YN he eat-PRES meat
v-copIdN-suDECL│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
that he picks up the letter is the signal COMP PRON.3SG picks up DEF letter be.3SG.PRES DEF signal
v-copIdN-suAbsger│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
eating it is the last step eat-GER it be.PRES DEF last step
v-copIdAbsinf-suAbsinf│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
to eat hot dogs is to support the global economy INF eat hot dogs be.3SG.PRES is INF support DEF global economy
v-copIdAbsger-suAbsger│suIdfd_scIdfng│IDENTITY
Eating local food is supporting local culture Eat-GER local food be.3SG.PAST support-GER local culture
Auxiliary verbs: axv_intr-av1mod
he can come As a ‘root’ modal, this construction can also be represented as v-intrAuxmodComp-compEqBareinf-suAg_compThsit, and as an ‘epistemic’ modal, as v-intrScpr-scSuNrg_scBareinf (see above)
axv_intr-vPart│PERFECT
he has come 3SG have.PRES come.PRFPART
axv-intr-vPart│suAgmover│MOTION
the boy is running
DEF boy AUX run-PRESPART