Grammar Squib - The Complex Passive in Danish
Contents
Complex Passives in Danish
| Abstract Template | |
|---|---|
| Template | NP (aux) Vmatrix Vcomplement* (PP) (ADV) |
| Template with expletive subject | EXPL (aux) Vmatrix Vcomplement* ((NPindefinite)or(PP)) (ADV) |
Characteristics of the respective verbs
| Characteristics of the respective verbs | ||
|---|---|---|
| Matrix verb | Verbal complement | |
| Voice | passive | Passive past participle |
| Changes to the citation form | Suffix –t and use the aux. blive ‘become’ (periphrastic)
or Suffix –s (synthetic) |
Suffix -t |
| Relation to the subject of the construction (↑SUBJ) = (↑XCOMP SUBJ) | SUBJ is not a thematic argument | SUBJ is a thematic argument |
| Relation to the object of the construction if expletive subject (↑OBJ) = (↑XCOMP OBJ) | OBJ is not a thematic argument | OBJ is a thematic argument |
| Lexical properties | Control verb (subject or object control) | nothing |
| Argument-structure:
Grammatical functions: |
[PROP]
‹XCOMP› SUBJ |
[UNDERGOER]
‹SUBJ› |
| If expletive subject
Argument structure: Grammatical functions: |
[PROP] ‹XCOMP› SUBJ OBJ |
[UNDERGOER]
‹OBJ› |
| Syntactic selection | Selecting verbal complement | nothing |
| Tendencies | nothing | Rarely allows prefixed negation u- ‘un-’ |
| Characteristics of the corresponding active verb form | Selects infinitival complements without a prepositional marker.
Does not take experiencer subject |
Not an unaccusative verb |
Bibliography:
Ørsnes, B., 2006. Creating Raising Verbs - An LFG-analysis of the Complex Passive in Danish, CSLI online publications
Falk, Y.N., 2001. Lexical-Functional Grammar: An Introduction to Parallel Constraint-Based Syntax, Stanford, Calif.: CSLI Publications.
Complex Passive constructions
The following sentences are examples of Danish complex passive constructions, gathered by introspection.
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error
Type Exception Report
Message Servlet execution threw an exception
Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.
Exception
javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Root Cause
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtiltc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660) javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741) org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)
Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.
Apache Tomcat/9.0.10
Differences between complex passives in Norwegian and Danish
In Norwegian the active participles used in complex passives have the same argument structure as their corresponding nominal modifiers. Løpt as a two-place predicate occurs in complex passive constructions and as a pre-nominal modifier in Norwegian. The intransitive verb løpt does neither occur as pre-nominal modifier, nor in complex passives.
Participles in the Danish complex passives are always past participles, and they do not occur as pre-nominal modifiers. The Danish intransitive løbet can be used in a complex passive construction, but it never occurs as a pre-nominal modifier. Further, I doubt that a Danish two place predicate like løbet is allowed in complex passives, unless the DIR-argument is a predicate itself with its own argument structure.
Norwegian: løpt [AGENT,DIR] løpt [AGENT]
Danish: løbet [AGENT,DIR] løbet [AGENT]
In Norwegian, participles based on unaccusative verbs are allowed in complex passive constructions. This is not the case in Danish.
Bibliography:
Hellan, L., 2001. Complex Passive Constructions in Norwegian, Manuscript, NTNU.
Ørsnes, B., 2006. Creating Raising Verbs - An LFG-analysis of the Complex Passive in Danish, CSLI online publications.