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Applying a Construction labeling code to Edo

By

Ota Ogie


Researcher affiliated with the Department of Language and Communication Studies.

NTNU - e-mail:ota.ogie@hf.ntnu.no

(alternatively you can use the TC-internal e-mail to contact me)


Language documentation is important as a tool for preservation of endangered languages and making data available to speakers and researchers of a language. An annotation scheme for verbal constructions shown in this article has been developed in (Hellan and Dakubu 2010), a monograph consisting of the following three parts: The system , Ga Appendix , Norwegian Appendix .

I show below how syntactic, semantic and morphological properties of multi-verb constructions in Èdó (Benue-Congo) can be represented using the scheme. The scheme is extended to multi-verb constructions in the following languages of the Niger-Congo: Igbo and Yoruba (Benue-Congo), Gurenne (Oti-volta), Ga, Baule, Akan and Ewe (Kwa)(Ogie 2010) :

1. Èdó

Construction label template:

sv-v1objIDv2su - v1tr-v1suAg-v1obAff-v2-int-v2suAff -CAUSE_RESULT

Òzó kòkó Àdésúwà mòsé
“Ozo raised Adesuwa to be beautiful”
Òzó
òzó
OzoSBJAGT
Np
kòkó
kòkó
raisePAST
Vtr
Àdésúwà
àdésúwà
Adesuwa.AFFDO
Np
mòsé
mòsé
be.beautifulPAST
Vitr


The construction label template accompanying example 1 (Hellan and Dakubu op. cit.) has the following structure: Area 1 (in bold font for ease of exposition) gives the global labels, the number of verbs in series (ie sv, sv3, sv4 ) as well as argument sharing information and information about thematic relations holding across the verb in series. In the example above sv states that the construction is of type serial verb with 2 verbs, Area 2 (in italics font for ease of exposition) gives the valence information as well as information about grammatical function and thematic roles. This is exemplified by v1objIDv2su-v1tr-v1suAg_v1obAff-v2-int-v2obAff in the example above. Here the object of v1 shares reference (ID) with the subject of v2 v1objIDv2su. Also v1 is transitive and its subject has an agent thematic role and the object an Affected role v1tr-v1suAg-v1obAff while v2 is intransitive with a subject having an Affected role v2-int-v2suAff. Information about the situation type of the construction is provided by Area 3 and this is exemplified by CAUSE_RESULT in the above example. Area 3 is written in capital letters.

In examples where there is token identity between arguments of the verbs in series, thematic relations are represented only in area 1. Area 2 then gives information about valence, arguments that do not share thematic roles and arguments that are not shared. For example, in the consequential svc in the Èdó example below, the template reads as follows: Area 1:sv_suObID_suAg. The serial verb construction consists of two verbs in series and the verbs in series share reference across arguments. The subject argument is token identified and has an agent theta role. Area 2:v1tr-v1obThincrem-v2tr-v2obAff. V1 is transitive and has an incremental theme object. V2 is also transitive with an object bearing an affected theta role. Area 3: The situation type is a TRANSFER relation.

Information about Tense Aspect, Mood and Negation is also provided by area 1 in the construction labels. Sharing of these features across verbs in series is represented as with sharing of arguments. For example in the Akan example (example 2) on covert reference subject sharing in the clause chaining serial construction below , area 1 gives the following information sv_suAspID_suAg_aspCompl. It states that the construction is a serial verb construction with the verbs in series sharing subject and aspect values. The subject has an agent thematic role and the verbs in series have completive aspect.

2. Akan Construction labels: sv_suAspID_suAg_aspCompl-v1tr-v1obAff-v2intr-CAUSE_RESULT

Ama twee Kofi hwee fam
“Ama pulled Kofi and fell (Ama fell) (covert reference subject sharing) ”
Ama
ama
AmaSBJAGT
Np
twee
twee
pullPAST
Vtr
Kofi
kofi
kofiDO
Np
hwee
hwee
fallPAST
Vitr
fam
fam
under
 


With respect to the global labels in area 1, Hellan and Dakubu 2010 uses the global label ev to represent Extended Verb Complexes and the label pv for preverbs in EVCs. In addition, to the labelling conventions used by Hellan and Dakubu 2009 for SVCs (sv) and EVCs (ev, pv) , the following global labels are introduced to account for the range of multi-verb constructions in Èdó. The background assumptions remains the same (see Annotating Edo Hellan and Ogie 2010, Hellan 2008 and Hellan and Dakubu 2010 and In-depth annotation of multi-verb constructions in Èdó) for discussion on the labelling conventions):

Global labels

cc – covert co-ordination

mvc- multi-verb construction

mc- modifier construction

Examples 3- 5 exemplify these constructions:

3. Covert co-ordination

ccSuIDALLsuAg-v1tr-v1obAff-v2tr-v2obThincrem-EVENTSEQ

Òzó dẹ̣̣̣̣́ ìzẹ̣̣̣̣̣́ rrí ọ̣̣̣̣̀ré
“Ozo bought rice and ate it”
Òzó
òzó
OzoSBJAGT
Np
dẹ̣̣̣̣́
dẹ̣̣̣̣́
buyPASTH
Vtr
ìzẹ̣̣̣̣̣́
ìzẹ̣̣̣̣̣́
rice.AFFDO
CN
rrí
rrí
eatPASTH
Vtr
ọ̣̣̣̣̀ré
ọ̣̣̣̣̀ré
it3SGACCDOTH
PN


4. mvc- V+infinitival multi-verb construction

mvcSuIDALLsuAg-v2tr-v2obThincrem-EVENTOVERLAP

Íràn kùgbé-rè tòbíràn rrí ízẹ̣̣̣̣̀
“They ate the rice together by themselves”
Íràn
íràn
They3PLNOMSBJAGT
Np
kùgbérè
kùgbé-rè
jointogetherPASTRT
Vtr
tòbíràn
tòbíràn
by.themselves3PLREFLACC
 
rrí
rrí
eat
Vtr
ízẹ̣̣̣̣̀
ízẹ̣̣̣̣̀
riceDOTH
CN


5. V+modifier construction: V+modifier construction (V2 is reanalyzed as adverb)

mc-suAg-ACHVMNT-MOTION_DIRECTED

Òzó rhùlẹ̣̣̣̣́ -rè kpàá
“Ozo ran away”
Òzó
òzó
OzoSBJAGT
Np
rhùlẹ̣̣̣̣́ -rè
rhùlẹ̣̣̣̣́
runPASTRT
Vitr
kpàá
kpàá
leave.V>ADV
ADVm


References for research on Èdó language by Ota Ogie