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Difference between revisions of "Typological Features Template for Akan (Twi)"

 
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by [[User:Joana_Portia|Joana Portia]]
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by [[User:Kofi Busia Abrefa|Kofi Busia Abrefa]]
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University of Cape Coast, Ghana.
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{{TCedit}}
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--[[User:Dorothee Beermann|Dorothee Beermann]] 19:36, 10 May 2014 (UTC)
  
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Antwi-Danso, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.
 
  
  
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|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
 
|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
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|In the following fields I describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of Twi
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|morphological classification (1)
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|morphological classification of Akan
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|Twi is mildly inflectional. There is a noun prefix and some verbal inflection indicating tense and aspect as well as negation.
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|Like all dialects of Akan also Twi is mildly inflectional. There is a noun prefix and some verbal inflection indicating tense and aspect as well as negation.
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In Twi the subject and the verb do not agree, butthere is some agreement with the nominal head in noun phrases.  
 
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|morphological classification (2)
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|Plural inflection
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|In Twi the subject and the verb do not agree.But there is some agreement with the nominal head in noun phrases. See below.
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|Regular nouns build their plural by adding the prefix  "n" to the noun. Nouns starting with "m", "b", "p" or "f" carry the prefix "m".  
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The following examples illustrate this fact:
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<Phrase>35903</Phrase>
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<Phrase>39825</Phrase>
 
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|'''Nominal Phrases'''
 
|'''Nominal Phrases'''
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|In the following fields I describe some of the morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents
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|syntactic structure
 
|syntactic structure
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|In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase
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|nominal modification
 
|nominal modification
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|In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...)
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|nominal specification
 
|nominal specification
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|In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with?
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|possession
 
|possession
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|In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns?
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|pronominal system
 
|pronominal system
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| In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns?
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|  
 
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|'''Verbal Phrases'''
 
|'''Verbal Phrases'''
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|In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents
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|word order
 
|word order
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|In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...)
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|TAM  
 
|TAM  
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|In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions?
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|infinitival forms
 
|infinitival forms
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|In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have?
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|verbal constructions
 
|verbal constructions
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| In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect?
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|'''Adpositions'''
 
|'''Adpositions'''
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|In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument?
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|'''Complementation'''
 
|'''Complementation'''
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| In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers?
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|'''Special Properties of [your language]
 
|'''Special Properties of [your language]
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| In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template
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|}
 
|}
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[[Link title]]
 

Latest revision as of 19:36, 10 May 2014

by Kofi Busia Abrefa

University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination
 This article may require cleanup to be suited for an informational wiki. We try to help with some Best Practice Guidelines for writing on the TypeCraft wiki. You also can leave your comments concerning this message on this template's talk page Talk page.

--Dorothee Beermann 19:36, 10 May 2014 (UTC)


Feature Description
Phonological Features In this field I describe the phonological inventory of Twi.
Vowel inventory In this field I describe the vowels of Twi. See below:

Twi has ten vowels.They are /i, ι, e, ε, a, æ, ɔ, o, υ, u/Seven of them are written,//i, e, ε, a, ɔ, o, u/ but three /ι, æ, υ/ are not written. These three are normally represented by other vowel sounds autographically.

Vowel harmony In this field I describe rule based assimilations involving vowels in Twi.

Vowel harmony is one of the major processes in Twi, especially in Akuapem Twi. Most often in this dialect, the vowels in a particular lexical item type in affixes agree with the vowel type in the base. Where the vowel in the base is a plus ATR, or an advanced vowel, the sounds in the affexes must also be +ATR. If on the other hand, the base has a minus ATR or unadvanced vowels, all the affixes must also be minus ATR vowel type. Verbs inflect for tense and aspect. 

    bu (break) has a +ATR vowel type.
    æ-bu   - has broken  (Perfect)
    rι-bu  - is breaking (Continues)
    be-bu  - will break  (Future)
    bu-i   - broke       (Past)
    bu     - break       (Habitual)

It must be noted that with continues,the aspect marker which is unadvanced, does not change even at the environment of an advanced vowel. 

    ka (say) has a -ATR vowel type.
    a-ka   - has said    (Perfect)
    rι-ka  - is saying   (Continues)
    bε-ka  - will say    (Future)
    ka-ι   - said        (Past)
    ka     - say         (Habitual)

Also, when there is a verbal with a nominal prefix there is an agreement between them. 

    di (eat) +ATR
    mi-/wu-/o-/ ye-/ mu-/ wo-di
    mi-/ wu-/ o-/ ye-/ mu-/ wo-di-i
    mι-/wυ-/ɔ-/ yε-/ mυ-/ wɔ- rι-di
    me-di/ wu-/o-/ye-/mu-/wo-be-di
    m-/wυ-/ w-/ yε-/ mυ-/ wɔ-æ-di

    gyina (stand)
    mi-/wu-/o-/ye-/mu-/wo-gyina
    mi-/wu-/o-/ye-/mu-/wo-gyina-ι
    mι-/wυ-/ɔ-/yε-/mυ-/wɔ-rι-gyina
    me-/ wu-/ o-/ ye-/mu-/wo-be-gyina
    m-/wυ-/w-/yε-/mυ-/wɔ-æ-gyina
    mi-/wu-/o-/ye-/mu-/wo-gyina
Consonant inventory In this field you describe the consonants of [your language]
Tone In this field you indicate if [your language] is a tone language and which tones are used; does [your language] have lexical tone?
Syllable Structure In this field you indicate the basic syllable structures of [your language].
Morpho-syntactic Features
morphological classification of Akan Like all dialects of Akan also Twi is mildly inflectional. There is a noun prefix and some verbal inflection indicating tense and aspect as well as negation.

In Twi the subject and the verb do not agree, butthere is some agreement with the nominal head in noun phrases.

Plural inflection Regular nouns build their plural by adding the prefix "n" to the noun. Nouns starting with "m", "b", "p" or "f" carry the prefix "m".

The following examples illustrate this fact:

tuatua ntokuro no nyinaa
“Seal all the holes”
tuatua
tuatua
REDPseal
V
ntokuro
ntokuro
PLhole
N
no
no
DEF
DET
nyinaa
nyinaa
all
QUANT
Nominal Phrases
syntactic structure
nominal modification
nominal specification
possession
pronominal system
Verbal Phrases
word order
TAM
infinitival forms
verbal constructions
Adpositions
Complementation
Special Properties of [your language]
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