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Difference between revisions of "NTNU, LING 1113 (2009) - Exteriority"

 
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In both of the following examples the car is located in an exterior space. The difference between the two phrases is, that when exteriority in general is denoted, we need one preposition in Danish; 'udenfor'. If a reference object is present in the construction, the preposition 'udenfor' must be devided into 'uden' and 'for', thus creating a prepostition complex. This destinction is showed below:
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In both of the following examples the car is located in space exterior to the ground. The difference between the two phrases is, that when exteriority (or "outside-ness") in general is denoted, we need one preposition in Danish; 'udenfor'. If a ground is overtly present in the construction, the preposition 'udenfor' must be divided into 'uden' and 'for', thus creating a prepositional complex. This distinction is shown below:
  
 
<Phrase>8206</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>8206</Phrase>
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Even though udenfor in one word demands that no reference object be stated, the prepotion can still be said to imply a reference object. This reference object can be found by looking at the person uttering the respective phrase, since the exterioroty expressed by udenfor can be seen as being exterior to something; the interiority of the place where the speaker is located -this is very often a room or the like.
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'udenfor' is intransitive. It implies the presence a Ground. The reference object if not denoted otherwise is the place where the speaker is located.
Having said that, this does not mean that udenfor and uden for are alike afteral. The latter is follewed by an overtly stated reference object, whereas the former only gives an idea of the reference object. In this way we can says that udenfor implies a reference object which is exterior in relation to the location of the speaker.  
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'Uden' on the other hand is a two place predicate, that is, the Ground is overtly expressed.  
  
One might also see the word udenfor as the location, in this way meaning the area which is exterior in relation to the room or general location of the speaker. We can prefer to see the word udenfor in this way as an independent lexeme with the above suggested referent, or we can prefer to see udenfor as implying a reference object which is the interiority of the location of the speaker to which the located objects location is in contrast. In whatever way we choose to analyze how denfor gets is meaning, the word will denote location in the same way varying only in terms of extralinguistic factors; udenfor will denote the space which is exterior in relation to the speakers location, and thus the area occupying the space referred to, changes only according to speaker and his location when uttering/writing the respective phrase.
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One might also see the word 'udenfor' as the location, in this way denoting that specific area which is exterior in relation to the room or general location of the speaker. The extension of the space referred to by 'utenfor is a again dependent on conventions and the size of the Ground. Syntactically speaking 'utenfor' can be described as an adverb while 'uden' is a preposition.
  
Last but not least, one should keep in mind, that it is certainly not every native Danish speaking person who destinguishes between udenfor and uden for in the written language (the destinction is obviously not that relavant when it comes to spoken language). Udenfor with a following overtly expressed reference object and udenfor without an overt reference object can occur in the same text. That is the two forms are often interchanged. The above discussion of udenfor and uden for should not be taken as a description of every native Danes´ usage and understanding of the two forms, though it does treat the correct syntactic and semantic usages according to Dansk Sprogråd, which is at the same time the usage of the main part of the Danish population.
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A note on description  
  
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Last but not least, one should keep in mind, that it is certainly not every native Danish speaking person who distinguishes between 'udenfor' and 'uden for' when in comes to spelling which might be the reason why 'udenfor' can occur in the same text with as well as without an overtly expressed ground, and the same goes for 'uden for'. That is the two forms are often interchanged. The above discussion of 'udenfor' and 'uden for' looks at the difference in meaning introduced by the intransitive versus a the transitive use of this  spacial expression. Danish spelling conventions are not our concern here.
  
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In Norwegian we have the preposition 'utenfor' denoting exteriority, signaling the located object being exterior to the reference object.
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"Han står utenfor huset" which means "He stands outside the house. The located object is "han" and the reference object is "huset".
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"Utenfor" can also signal social exclusion, for instance in the sentence "Han er utenfor i klassen", which means that "he is not included in the class when it comes to being a part of the social group". We don't have any physical locations here. A third example can be "De er utenfor livsfare", which means "they are safe;" it denotes them being out of danger of dying: there we have "utenfor" signaling to be safe, it isn't any physical location that "they" are exterior to.
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We also have the two expressions "ut fra" and "ut av".
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"ut av" signals the located object moving out of the reference object. "Han går ut av huset", meaning "He walks out of the house". The located object "Han" and "huset" stand in a relation of exteriority. We have a path and locomotion; walking.
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"Få mer ut av dagen", means "get more out of the day". Here we don't have any physical location, but we have a sentece meaning that one should grip the day, make the day meaningful to oneself.
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"Ut fra" is an expression signaling that the located object is moving out from the reference object. "Barna sprang ut fra skolen", means "The children ran out from school". The located object is "Barna" and "skolen" is the reference object. Here we have the physical location, and the located object moves so that it after moving is exterior to the reference object.
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An example where "ut fra" is used in a conceptual sense is in the sentence "Jeg går ut fra det", which means "I assume that".
  
 
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Latest revision as of 17:09, 10 January 2010

In both of the following examples the car is located in space exterior to the ground. The difference between the two phrases is, that when exteriority (or "outside-ness") in general is denoted, we need one preposition in Danish; 'udenfor'. If a ground is overtly present in the construction, the preposition 'udenfor' must be divided into 'uden' and 'for', thus creating a prepositional complex. This distinction is shown below:

Bilen holder udenfor.
“The car is standing outside. The car is parked outside.”
Bilen
bilen
carSBJtheDEFSG
N
holder
holder
holdPRES
Vitr
udenfor
udenfor
outside
PREP
Bilen holder uden for huset.
“The car stands outside the house. The car is parked outside the house.”
Bilen
bilen
carSBJtheDEFSG
N
holder
holder
holdPRES
Vitr
uden
uden
out-
PREP
for
for
of
PREP
huset
huset
houseOBLtheDEFSG
N


'udenfor' is intransitive. It implies the presence a Ground. The reference object if not denoted otherwise is the place where the speaker is located. 'Uden' on the other hand is a two place predicate, that is, the Ground is overtly expressed.

One might also see the word 'udenfor' as the location, in this way denoting that specific area which is exterior in relation to the room or general location of the speaker. The extension of the space referred to by 'utenfor is a again dependent on conventions and the size of the Ground. Syntactically speaking 'utenfor' can be described as an adverb while 'uden' is a preposition.

A note on description

Last but not least, one should keep in mind, that it is certainly not every native Danish speaking person who distinguishes between 'udenfor' and 'uden for' when in comes to spelling which might be the reason why 'udenfor' can occur in the same text with as well as without an overtly expressed ground, and the same goes for 'uden for'. That is the two forms are often interchanged. The above discussion of 'udenfor' and 'uden for' looks at the difference in meaning introduced by the intransitive versus a the transitive use of this spacial expression. Danish spelling conventions are not our concern here.


In Norwegian we have the preposition 'utenfor' denoting exteriority, signaling the located object being exterior to the reference object. "Han står utenfor huset" which means "He stands outside the house. The located object is "han" and the reference object is "huset". "Utenfor" can also signal social exclusion, for instance in the sentence "Han er utenfor i klassen", which means that "he is not included in the class when it comes to being a part of the social group". We don't have any physical locations here. A third example can be "De er utenfor livsfare", which means "they are safe;" it denotes them being out of danger of dying: there we have "utenfor" signaling to be safe, it isn't any physical location that "they" are exterior to.

We also have the two expressions "ut fra" and "ut av".

"ut av" signals the located object moving out of the reference object. "Han går ut av huset", meaning "He walks out of the house". The located object "Han" and "huset" stand in a relation of exteriority. We have a path and locomotion; walking.


"Få mer ut av dagen", means "get more out of the day". Here we don't have any physical location, but we have a sentece meaning that one should grip the day, make the day meaningful to oneself.


"Ut fra" is an expression signaling that the located object is moving out from the reference object. "Barna sprang ut fra skolen", means "The children ran out from school". The located object is "Barna" and "skolen" is the reference object. Here we have the physical location, and the located object moves so that it after moving is exterior to the reference object.


An example where "ut fra" is used in a conceptual sense is in the sentence "Jeg går ut fra det", which means "I assume that".


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