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Classroom:LING2208 - Annotating Krio

--Beatrice Owusua Nyampong 13:55, 18 February 2014 (UTC)

Agreement

In Krio, there is referential agreement in PERSON. This is seen in the example below.

Example:

I si anoda dog we fiba am, ehn i bak ohl bon na im moht.
“He sees another dog which resembles him and he too held a bone in his mouth.”
I
i
3SG
PN
si
si
see
V
anoda
anoda
another
ADJ
dog
dog
dog
N
we
we
which
Wh
fiba
fiba
resemble
V
am
am
OBJ
PN
ehn
ehn
 
CONJ
I
i
3SG
PN
bak
bak
too
ADV
ohl
ohl
hold
V
bon
bon
bone
N
na
na
 
PREP
Im
im
3SG
PNposs
moht
moht
mouth
N


In this example, the third person pronoun 'I' (he) refers to the dog mentioned earlier in the text. The third person object pronoun 'am' (him) refers back to 'I' (he) which refers to the dog. Again in the second clause, the third person possessive pronoun 'i' (his) refers to the pronoun 'i' (he) which refers to the other dog. - both the subject pronoun and the possessive pronoun have the same form.

There is, however, agreement in NUMBER.

Den i go tek di oda bon ehn ron wit di tu bon dem.
“Then he will take the other bone and run with the two bones.”
Den
den
then
ADVtemp
I
i
3SG
PN
go
go
FUTL
Vpre
tek
tek
take
V
di
di
DEF
DET
ɔda
ɔda
other
ADJ
bon
bon
bone
N
ehn
ehn
 
CONJ
ron
ron
run
V
wit
wit
 
PREP
di
di
DEF
DET
tu
tu
two
NUM
bon
bon
bone
N
dem
dem
PL
PRT


In the above example, the plural marker 'dehm' agrees with the numeral 'tu' (two). However, 'dehm' can occur without the numeral as in English:

        the two bones         
        di tu bon dehm
        
        the bones              
        di bon dehm

Here are some more examples to help establish this fact:

  1,Bring da/de kop na ya.              
            SG  SG 
  Bring that/the cup here.
  
  2,Bring den/de kop dehm na ya.         
            PL        PL
  Bring those/the cups here.
  
  3,Bring den kop na ya.                       
           PL 
  Bring those cups here.
 
  4,*Bring da kop dehm na ya.           
           SG      PL
    *Bring that cups here. 

In the examples above, there is a concordance between the demonstratives and the plural marker 'dehm'. In 1. the singular demonstratives 'da/de' agree with the singular noun 'kop'. In 2. the plural marker agrees with the plural demonstratives 'den/de', eventhough as in 3. the latter can occur on its own and still make the noun plural (however, 'de' on its own is perceived as singular rather than plural). But in 4. the utterance is ungrammatical since there is no agreement between 'dehm' and the singular demontrative 'da'.

Clause Linkage

The complex clause below is a case of parataxis.

What would be in two clauses? --Dorothee Beermann 12:25, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Example:

I ron go insai di forehst, gladi wit di bon I de chamcham.
“He run into the forest, happy with the bone he was chewing.”
I
i
3SG
PN
ron
ron
run
V1
go
go
goDIR
V2
insai
insai
insideLOC
PREP
di
di
DEF
DET
forehst
forehst
forest
N
gladi
gladi
happy
ADJ
wit
wit
 
PREP
di
di
DEF
DET
bon
bon
bone
N
I
i
3SG
PN
de
de
bePROG
Vpre
chamcham
chamcham
chewREDP
V


The second clause is not embedded in the first clause (which is also the main clause). Therefore, both clauses are coordinated without evidence of explicit linkage. The first clause is an independent clause, but the second clause is uncertain since it does not begin with a subject, however, it has a subject and it carries tense.