Typecraft v2.5
Jump to: navigation, search

Difference between revisions of "Bare Nominalizations in Norwegian"

 
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
 
By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style.  BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.
 
By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style.  BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.
 +
 +
One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in 
 +
Lars Hellan (2016): ''Light Verbs in Norwegian''  [[Media:Light verbs presentation Final.pdf | Download file]]
 +
 +
(Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.)
  
  
 
== Examples ==
 
== Examples ==
 +
 +
(Gender not yet indicated.)
 +
 +
== A ==
  
  
A:
+
abort
 +
aksept
 +
al
 +
anfall
 +
ange
 +
anger
 +
angrep
 +
anke
 +
anklage
 +
anlegg
 +
anløp
 +
anrop
 +
anslag
 +
appell
 +
applaus
 +
arbeid
 +
arrest
 +
arv
 +
attest
 +
avdrag
 +
avkok
 +
avl
 +
avslag
 +
avreise
 +
avskjed
 +
avsky
 +
avtale
 +
avvik
  
abort
 
aksept
 
al
 
anfall
 
ange
 
anger
 
angrep
 
anke
 
anklage
 
anlegg
 
anløp
 
anrop
 
anslag
 
appell
 
applaus
 
arbeid
 
arrest
 
arv
 
attest
 
avdrag
 
avkok
 
avl
 
avslag
 
avreise
 
avskjed
 
avsky
 
avtale
 
avvik
 
  
  
B:
+
== B ==
 +
:
  
babel
+
babel
bad
+
bad
baksnakk
+
baksnakk
bank
+
bank
bann
+
bann
bønn
+
bønn
begjær
+
begjær
begrep
+
begrep
behag
+
behag
behov
+
behov
bekomst
+
bekomst
belegg
+
belegg
bero
+
bero
beslag
+
beslag
besvær
+
besvær
besøk
+
besøk
bidrag
+
bidrag
bifall
+
bifall
bistand
+
bistand
bitt
+
bitt
blunk
+
blunk
bluss
+
bluss
bortfall
+
bortfall
bortfeste
+
bortfeste
brak
+
brak
brask
+
brask
bram
+
bram
brann
+
brann
bruk
+
bruk
brum
+
brum
brus
+
brus
bry
+
bry
bryderi
+
bryderi
brygg
+
brygg
brudd
+
brudd
bråk
+
bråk
brøl
+
brøl
bu
+
bu
bukk
+
bukk
bud
+
bud
bygg
+
bygg
byks
+
byks
bytte
+
bytte
bør
+
bør
bot
+
bot
bøy
+
bøy
 +
  
  
D:
+
== D ==
 +
:
  
dank
+
dank
dask
+
dask
dekke
+
dekke
del
+
del
dikt
+
dikt
dop
+
dop
drag
+
drag
drass
+
drass
drap
+
drap
drift
+
drift
drikk
+
drikk
drill
+
drill
drit
+
drit
drift
+
drift
dropp
+
dropp
drypp
+
drypp
drøm
+
drøm
drønn
+
drønn
duft
+
duft
dyd
+
dyd
dukk
+
dukk
dunder
+
dunder
dunk
+
dunk
dunst
+
dunst
dusj
+
dusj
dykk
+
dykk
dytt
+
dytt
død
+
død
dom
+
dom
dåp
+
dåp
døs
+
døs
 +
  
  
E:
+
== E ==
  
ebbe
 
ekserpt
 
eksistens
 
eksperiment
 
eksport
 
angst
 
etterfyll
 
ettersyn
 
  
 +
ebbe
 +
ekserpt
 +
eksistens
 +
eksperiment
 +
eksport
 +
angst
 +
etterfyll
 +
ettersyn
  
F:
+
== F ==
 +
:
  
fabel
+
fabel
fabulat
+
fabulat
fagnad
+
fagnad
fall
+
fall
fangst
+
fangst
faste
+
faste
ferdsel
+
ferdsel
fik
+
fik
fiske
+
fiske
fjas
+
fjas
fusk
+
fusk
flass
+
flass
fleip
+
fleip
flenge
+
flenge
flikk
+
flikk
flimmer
+
flimmer
flir
+
flir
floke
+
floke
flokk
+
flokk
flom
+
flom
flukt
+
flukt
fly
+
fly
flyt
+
flyt
flytt
+
flytt
flås
+
flås
flo
+
flo
fnys
+
fnys
fold
+
fold
forakt
+
forakt
forbehold
+
forbehold
forbruk
+
forbruk
forbud
+
forbud
fór
+
fór
foredrag
+
foredrag
forfall
+
forfall
forekomst
+
forekomst
forelegg
+
forelegg
foresett
+
foresett
forslag
+
forslag
foretak
+
foretak
forfall
+
forfall
forhold
+
forhold
forhør
+
forhør
forlik
+
forlik
forlis
+
forlis
forløp
+
forløp
forspill
+
forspill
forsvar
+
forsvar
forsyn
+
forsyn
forsøk
+
forsøk
foss
+
foss
fossregn
+
fossregn
frafall
+
frafall
frakt
+
frakt
fremkast
+
fremkast
fremkomst
+
fremkomst
fravik
+
fravik
fred
+
fred
frelse
+
frelse
fremme
+
fremme
fritak
+
fritak
fryd
+
fryd
frykt
+
frykt
  
 
== Enumeration ==
 
== Enumeration ==

Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 September 2016

By a bare nominalization (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include -ing, -else, -sjon as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: -else and -sjon always induce masculine gender, -ing always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style. BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.

One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in Lars Hellan (2016): Light Verbs in Norwegian Download file

(Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.)


Examples

(Gender not yet indicated.)

A

abort
aksept
al
anfall
ange
anger
angrep
anke
anklage
anlegg 
anløp
anrop
anslag
appell
applaus
arbeid
arrest
arv
attest
avdrag
avkok
avl
avslag
avreise
avskjed
avsky
avtale
avvik


B

babel
bad
baksnakk
bank
bann
bønn
begjær
begrep
behag
behov
bekomst
belegg
bero
beslag
besvær
besøk
bidrag
bifall
bistand
bitt
blunk
bluss
bortfall
bortfeste
brak
brask
bram
brann
bruk
brum
brus
bry
bryderi
brygg
brudd
bråk
brøl
bu
bukk
bud
bygg
byks
bytte
bør
bot
bøy


D

dank
dask
dekke
del
dikt
dop
drag
drass
drap
drift
drikk
drill
drit
drift
dropp
drypp
drøm
drønn
duft
dyd
dukk
dunder
dunk
dunst
dusj
dykk
dytt
død
dom
dåp
døs


E

ebbe
ekserpt
eksistens
eksperiment
eksport
angst
etterfyll
ettersyn

F

fabel
fabulat
fagnad
fall
fangst
faste
ferdsel
fik
fiske
fjas
fusk
flass
fleip
flenge
flikk
flimmer
flir
floke
flokk
flom
flukt
fly
flyt
flytt
flås
flo
fnys
fold
forakt
forbehold
forbruk
forbud
fór
foredrag
forfall
forekomst
forelegg
foresett
forslag
foretak
forfall
forhold
forhør
forlik
forlis
forløp
forspill
forsvar
forsyn
forsøk
foss
fossregn
frafall
frakt
fremkast
fremkomst
fravik
fred
frelse
fremme
fritak
fryd
frykt

Enumeration

By a preliminary estimate, the language has about 3500 de-verbal nouns, and among them about 800 BNs. To be able to get an overall profile of their functions, the following predominantly semantic criteria can serve as candidates for classification, with accompanying abbreviations and markings of values:

Parameter	        Abbreviation	Description	                       Value marks
Ontological status  	Ontstat	        Situation vs. Thing	                s, t
Resultativity	        Res	        Result of event vs. not	                1, 0
Agentivity	        Ag	        Agentive vs. Non-agentive	        1, 0
Aspect	                Asp	        Aspectual types	                        Type name(s) 
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
Institutionalization	Instit	        Institutionalized vs. not	         1, 0
Domain	                Dom	        Physical vs. Cognitive vs.               phys, cog, 
                                        Emotional vs. Apriori vs. Social         emot, aprio, soc,
                                        vs. FinanJurAdminManag (=fjam)           fjam 
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
Valency preservation    Val	        Valency preserving vs. not 1, 0
Theta-role, for things	Th	        The role that the entity has 
                                        relative to the sit-type expressed 
                                        by the root	                         Role name(s)    
                                                                                 (connected with ‘&’ when many)


The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence.

                       Ontstat	Res	Ag	Asp	Instit	Dom	Val	Th
bønn_s	‘prayer’	s	0	1	dur	1	cog	0
bønn_t	‘prayer’	t	0	1	--	1	cog	0	inh
begjær	‘desire’	s	0	0	dur	0	emot	0
begrep	‘concept’	t	0	0	-	1	cog	0	inh
behag	‘pleasure’	s	0	0	dur	0	emot	0
behov	‘need’		s	0	0	dur	0	All	1
besøk	‘visit’		s	0	1	dur	&&	soc&fjam  0
bifall	‘approval’	s	0	1	dur	&&	soc&fjam  0
bistand	‘support’	s	0	1	all	&	fjam	  0
bite    ‘bite’	        t	1	1	-	0	phys	  0	inh
brak	‘crash’		s	&&	0	inst	0	phys	  0
brann	‘fire’		s	&&	0	dur	0	phys	  0

Sentence annotation for BNs

For annotation of BN occurrences in a corpus, one can in turn pull such value sequences together in short-hand expressions, as indicated below in an annotation snippet for a construction including the light verb expression finne behag i ‘find pleasure in’, the shorthand reflecting the above stated values for behag:

finne	behag
find	pleasure
V	BN=s00dur0emot0



TO BE CONTINUED