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Difference between revisions of "Bare Nominalizations in Norwegian"

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By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style.  BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.
 
By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style.  BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.
 +
 +
One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in 
 +
Lars Hellan (2016): ''Light Verbs in Norwegian''  [[Media:Light verbs presentation Final.pdf | Download file]]
 +
 +
(Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.)
 +
 +
 +
== Examples ==
 +
 +
(Gender not yet indicated.)
 +
 +
== A ==
 +
 +
 +
abort
 +
aksept
 +
al
 +
anfall
 +
ange
 +
anger
 +
angrep
 +
anke
 +
anklage
 +
anlegg
 +
anløp
 +
anrop
 +
anslag
 +
appell
 +
applaus
 +
arbeid
 +
arrest
 +
arv
 +
attest
 +
avdrag
 +
avkok
 +
avl
 +
avslag
 +
avreise
 +
avskjed
 +
avsky
 +
avtale
 +
avvik
 +
 +
 +
 +
== B ==
 +
:
 +
 +
babel
 +
bad
 +
baksnakk
 +
bank
 +
bann
 +
bønn
 +
begjær
 +
begrep
 +
behag
 +
behov
 +
bekomst
 +
belegg
 +
bero
 +
beslag
 +
besvær
 +
besøk
 +
bidrag
 +
bifall
 +
bistand
 +
bitt
 +
blunk
 +
bluss
 +
bortfall
 +
bortfeste
 +
brak
 +
brask
 +
bram
 +
brann
 +
bruk
 +
brum
 +
brus
 +
bry
 +
bryderi
 +
brygg
 +
brudd
 +
bråk
 +
brøl
 +
bu
 +
bukk
 +
bud
 +
bygg
 +
byks
 +
bytte
 +
bør
 +
bot
 +
bøy
 +
 +
 +
 +
== D ==
 +
:
 +
 +
dank
 +
dask
 +
dekke
 +
del
 +
dikt
 +
dop
 +
drag
 +
drass
 +
drap
 +
drift
 +
drikk
 +
drill
 +
drit
 +
drift
 +
dropp
 +
drypp
 +
drøm
 +
drønn
 +
duft
 +
dyd
 +
dukk
 +
dunder
 +
dunk
 +
dunst
 +
dusj
 +
dykk
 +
dytt
 +
død
 +
dom
 +
dåp
 +
døs
 +
 +
 +
 +
== E ==
 +
 +
 +
ebbe
 +
ekserpt
 +
eksistens
 +
eksperiment
 +
eksport
 +
angst
 +
etterfyll
 +
ettersyn
 +
 +
== F ==
 +
:
 +
 +
fabel
 +
fabulat
 +
fagnad
 +
fall
 +
fangst
 +
faste
 +
ferdsel
 +
fik
 +
fiske
 +
fjas
 +
fusk
 +
flass
 +
fleip
 +
flenge
 +
flikk
 +
flimmer
 +
flir
 +
floke
 +
flokk
 +
flom
 +
flukt
 +
fly
 +
flyt
 +
flytt
 +
flås
 +
flo
 +
fnys
 +
fold
 +
forakt
 +
forbehold
 +
forbruk
 +
forbud
 +
fór
 +
foredrag
 +
forfall
 +
forekomst
 +
forelegg
 +
foresett
 +
forslag
 +
foretak
 +
forfall
 +
forhold
 +
forhør
 +
forlik
 +
forlis
 +
forløp
 +
forspill
 +
forsvar
 +
forsyn
 +
forsøk
 +
foss
 +
fossregn
 +
frafall
 +
frakt
 +
fremkast
 +
fremkomst
 +
fravik
 +
fred
 +
frelse
 +
fremme
 +
fritak
 +
fryd
 +
frykt
 +
 +
== Enumeration ==
 +
 +
By a preliminary estimate, the language has about 3500 de-verbal nouns, and among them about 800 BNs. To be able to get an overall profile of their functions, the following predominantly semantic criteria can serve as candidates for classification, with accompanying abbreviations and markings of values:
 +
 +
'''Parameter         Abbreviation Description                       Value marks'''
 +
Ontological status  Ontstat         Situation vs. Thing                 s, t
 +
Resultativity         Res         Result of event vs. not                 1, 0
 +
Agentivity         Ag         Agentive vs. Non-agentive         1, 0
 +
Aspect                 Asp         Aspectual types                         Type name(s)
 +
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
 +
Institutionalization Instit         Institutionalized vs. not         1, 0
 +
Domain                 Dom         Physical vs. Cognitive vs.              phys, cog,
 +
                                        Emotional vs. Apriori vs. Social        emot, aprio, soc,
 +
                                        vs. FinanJurAdminManag (=fjam)          fjam
 +
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
 +
Valency preservation    Val         Valency preserving vs. not 1, 0
 +
Theta-role, for things Th         The role that the entity has
 +
                                        relative to the sit-type expressed
 +
                                        by the root                         Role name(s)   
 +
                                                                                  (connected with ‘&’ when many)
 +
 +
 +
 +
The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence.
 +
 +
                        '''Ontstat Res Ag Asp Instit Dom Val Th'''
 +
bønn_s ‘prayer’ s 0 1 dur 1 cog 0
 +
bønn_t ‘prayer’ t 0 1 -- 1 cog 0 inh
 +
begjær ‘desire’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0
 +
begrep ‘concept’ t 0 0 - 1 cog 0 inh
 +
behag ‘pleasure’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0
 +
behov ‘need’ s 0 0 dur 0 All 1
 +
besøk ‘visit’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam  0
 +
bifall ‘approval’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam  0
 +
bistand ‘support’ s 0 1 all & fjam   0
 +
bite    ‘bite’         t 1 1 - 0 phys   0 inh
 +
brak ‘crash’ s && 0 inst 0 phys   0
 +
brann ‘fire’ s && 0 dur 0 phys   0
 +
 +
== Sentence annotation for BNs ==
 +
 +
For annotation of BN occurrences in a corpus, one can in turn pull such value sequences together in short-hand expressions, as indicated below in an annotation snippet for a construction including the light verb expression ''finne behag i'' ‘find pleasure in’, the shorthand reflecting the above stated values for ''behag'':
 +
 +
'''finne behag'''
 +
find pleasure
 +
V BN=s00dur0emot0
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
TO BE CONTINUED

Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 September 2016

By a bare nominalization (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include -ing, -else, -sjon as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: -else and -sjon always induce masculine gender, -ing always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style. BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.

One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in Lars Hellan (2016): Light Verbs in Norwegian Download file

(Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.)


Examples

(Gender not yet indicated.)

A

abort
aksept
al
anfall
ange
anger
angrep
anke
anklage
anlegg 
anløp
anrop
anslag
appell
applaus
arbeid
arrest
arv
attest
avdrag
avkok
avl
avslag
avreise
avskjed
avsky
avtale
avvik


B

babel
bad
baksnakk
bank
bann
bønn
begjær
begrep
behag
behov
bekomst
belegg
bero
beslag
besvær
besøk
bidrag
bifall
bistand
bitt
blunk
bluss
bortfall
bortfeste
brak
brask
bram
brann
bruk
brum
brus
bry
bryderi
brygg
brudd
bråk
brøl
bu
bukk
bud
bygg
byks
bytte
bør
bot
bøy


D

dank
dask
dekke
del
dikt
dop
drag
drass
drap
drift
drikk
drill
drit
drift
dropp
drypp
drøm
drønn
duft
dyd
dukk
dunder
dunk
dunst
dusj
dykk
dytt
død
dom
dåp
døs


E

ebbe
ekserpt
eksistens
eksperiment
eksport
angst
etterfyll
ettersyn

F

fabel
fabulat
fagnad
fall
fangst
faste
ferdsel
fik
fiske
fjas
fusk
flass
fleip
flenge
flikk
flimmer
flir
floke
flokk
flom
flukt
fly
flyt
flytt
flås
flo
fnys
fold
forakt
forbehold
forbruk
forbud
fór
foredrag
forfall
forekomst
forelegg
foresett
forslag
foretak
forfall
forhold
forhør
forlik
forlis
forløp
forspill
forsvar
forsyn
forsøk
foss
fossregn
frafall
frakt
fremkast
fremkomst
fravik
fred
frelse
fremme
fritak
fryd
frykt

Enumeration

By a preliminary estimate, the language has about 3500 de-verbal nouns, and among them about 800 BNs. To be able to get an overall profile of their functions, the following predominantly semantic criteria can serve as candidates for classification, with accompanying abbreviations and markings of values:

Parameter	        Abbreviation	Description	                       Value marks
Ontological status  	Ontstat	        Situation vs. Thing	                s, t
Resultativity	        Res	        Result of event vs. not	                1, 0
Agentivity	        Ag	        Agentive vs. Non-agentive	        1, 0
Aspect	                Asp	        Aspectual types	                        Type name(s) 
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
Institutionalization	Instit	        Institutionalized vs. not	         1, 0
Domain	                Dom	        Physical vs. Cognitive vs.               phys, cog, 
                                        Emotional vs. Apriori vs. Social         emot, aprio, soc,
                                        vs. FinanJurAdminManag (=fjam)           fjam 
                                                                                (connected with ‘&’ when many)
Valency preservation    Val	        Valency preserving vs. not 1, 0
Theta-role, for things	Th	        The role that the entity has 
                                        relative to the sit-type expressed 
                                        by the root	                         Role name(s)    
                                                                                 (connected with ‘&’ when many)


The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence.

                       Ontstat	Res	Ag	Asp	Instit	Dom	Val	Th
bønn_s	‘prayer’	s	0	1	dur	1	cog	0
bønn_t	‘prayer’	t	0	1	--	1	cog	0	inh
begjær	‘desire’	s	0	0	dur	0	emot	0
begrep	‘concept’	t	0	0	-	1	cog	0	inh
behag	‘pleasure’	s	0	0	dur	0	emot	0
behov	‘need’		s	0	0	dur	0	All	1
besøk	‘visit’		s	0	1	dur	&&	soc&fjam  0
bifall	‘approval’	s	0	1	dur	&&	soc&fjam  0
bistand	‘support’	s	0	1	all	&	fjam	  0
bite    ‘bite’	        t	1	1	-	0	phys	  0	inh
brak	‘crash’		s	&&	0	inst	0	phys	  0
brann	‘fire’		s	&&	0	dur	0	phys	  0

Sentence annotation for BNs

For annotation of BN occurrences in a corpus, one can in turn pull such value sequences together in short-hand expressions, as indicated below in an annotation snippet for a construction including the light verb expression finne behag i ‘find pleasure in’, the shorthand reflecting the above stated values for behag:

finne	behag
find	pleasure
V	BN=s00dur0emot0



TO BE CONTINUED