Complex Passive Constructions in Norwegian

Complex Passive Constructions in Norwegian
Author(s)	Lars Hellan
Annotator	Lars Isak Askheim
Corpus Link	Complex Passive Constructions in Norwegian

General Information

This article belongs to the TC Category Interlinear Glossed Text from Linguistic Research.

In this category we collect TCwiki articles that feature example sentences from linguistic publications. In the form of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) these examples are the most common type of scientific data used by linguists of all affiliations.

When occurring in a publication, an IGT is standardly demarcated through indenting, numbering and a space above and under the example. One line of text is followed by one line of glosses. A line with free translation completes the pattern. Yet, IGTs come in many different formats and are often flawed. Glosses essential for the understanding of the examples might be missing, or the free translations given might be misleading. IGTs occur in isolation and normally lack any index to where and when they occur or any other information that would identify them as a particular instance of a language. Yet, in spite of many short-comings, IGTs constitute data not just for linguists, but also more generally across Humanities, and as flawed as they might be, they still are an intuitive and easy way to represent the linguistic properties of real language.

Collections of IGTs from linguistic publication are of particular interest, since they represent a unique alignment of language data and linguistic theory. Example sentences from seminal articles are not rarely circulated in linguistic publications for decades which is another good reason why they need our attention.

In an effort to make IGT more accessible to linguistic research, we have extracting original IGT from linguistic publications and provided in-depth linguistic glosses through a subsequent layer of annotation. Thus we hope to improve the re-usability of this data. Using the TCwiki we make both the original IGT and the newly annotated IGT available here.

In this article and other articles in this category, original and annotated IGTs stand in the context of a short annotated bibliography. Bibliographic information is combined with a list of key-terms which can help to gain a perspective on the research questions raised in the original article. The 'Infobox' may contain further information about the linguistic framework used in the original article and might give additional classification of the phenomena treated whenever possible.

Keyterms

passive, raising, recursive VP-complements, passive participle, perfective participle

Original Interlinear Glossed Text

(1) a. Jon ble forsøkt skutt Jon was attempted shot 'it was made an attempt to shoot Jon' b. Jon ble lovet forsøkt skutt Jon was promised attempted shot 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to shoot Jon' c. Jon ble påstått lovet forsøkt skutt Jon was claimed promised attempted shot 'it was claimed that it would be/was promised that there would be an attempt to shoot Jon'	(4) a. Jon fryktes omkommet Jon is-feared perished 'it is feared that Jon has perished' b. Jon påstås fryktet omkommet Jon is-claimed feared perished 'it is claimed that it is feared that Jon has perished'
(6) a. Det ble forsøkt skutt tre løver it was attempted shot three lions 'it was made an attempt to shoot three lions' b. Det ble lovet forsøkt skutt tre løver it was promised attempted shot three lions 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to shoot three lions'	(7) a. Jon overlot Marit et stort ansvar Jon ’gave’ Marit a big responsibility b. Det ble overlatt Marit et stort ansvar there was given Marit a big responsibility c. Marit ble overlatt et stort ansvar Mary was given a big responsibility d. Et stort ansvar ble overlatt Marit a big responsibility was given Marit
(8) a. Jon snakket om Marit Jon talked about Marit b. Marit ble snakket om Marit was talked about	(9) a. Vi skiftet bleier på barna we changed napkins on the children b. Barna ble skiftet bleier på the children were changed napkins on
(10) a. Det ble lovet forsøkt overlatt Marit et stort ansvar it was promised attempted given Marit a big responsibility 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to give Marit a big responsibility ' b. Marit ble lovet forsøkt overlatt et stort ansvar Marit was promised attempted given a big responsibility 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to give Marit a big responsibility ' c. Et stort ansvar ble lovet forsøkt overlatt Marit a big responsibility was promised attempted given Marit 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to give Marit a big responsibility ' d. Marit ble lovet forsøkt snakket om Marit was promised attempted talked about 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to talk about Marit' e. Barna ble lovet forsøkt skiftet bleier på the children were promised attempted changed napkins on 'it was promised that there would be an attempt to change napkins on the children’	(11) a. Jon antas/ fryktes/ loves/ påstås drept Jon is-assumed/ is-feared/ is-promised/ is-asserted killed b. Vi *antok/ ??fryktet/ ?*lovet/ *påstod Jon drept we assumed/ feared/ promised/ asserted Jon killed
(12) a. Vi advarte mot å forfremme Jon we warned against to promote Jon 'we warned against promoting Jon' b. *Jon ble advart mot forfremmet Jon was warned against promoted	(13) *Det ble lovet Marit forsøkt overlatt et stort ansvar *Det ble lovet forsøkt Marit overlatt et stort ansvar
(14) a. De forespeilte oss at Jon ville bli forfremmet they 'make-expect'ed us that Jon would be promoted 'they gave us reason to believe that Jon would be promoted' b. Jon ble forespeilt oss forfremmet c. De lovet oss at Jon ville bli forfremmet they promised us that Jon would be promoted d. Jon ble lovet oss forfremmet Jon was promised us promoted	(15) Jon ble lovet forfremmet Jon was promised promoted 'it was promised that Jon would be promoted'
(16) a. *Jon fryktes lest boken Jon is-feared read(act) the book 'it is feared that Jon has read the book' b. *Jon fryktes mottatt gaven Jon is-feared received the gift 'it is feared that Jon has received the gift'	(17) a. *Jon ble fryktet løpt Jon was feared run ‘it was feared that Jon had run’ b. Jon ble fryktet løpt bort Jon was feared run away ‘it was feared that Jon had run away’ c. *en løpt hare a run hare ‘a hare that has run’ d. en bortløpt hare an away-run hare ‘a hare that has run away’
(18) a. Jon fryktes å ha lest boken Jon is-feared to have read the book 'it is feared that Jon has read the book' b. Jon fryktes å ha mottatt gaven Jon is-feared to have received the gift 'it is feared that Jon has received the gift' c. Jon fryktes å ha løpt Jon is-feared to have run ‘it is feared that Jon has run’	(19) a. *Jon ble forsøkt å bli skutt Jon was tried to be shot b. [*]Jon ble lovet å bli skutt Jon was promised to be shot 1. ‘(someone) promised Jon that he (Jon) would be shot’ 2. * ‘it was promised that Jon would be shot’
(20) a. Jon lovet meg å ytre seg Jon promised me to ‘utter’ himself b. *Jeg ble lovet (av Jon) å ytre seg I was promised by Jon to ‘utter’ himself c. *Jon lovet meg å ytre meg Jon promised me to ‘utter’ himself d. *Jeg ble lovet (av Jon) å ytre meg I was promised by Jon to ‘utter’ myself e. Jon anmodet meg om å ytre meg Jon asked me to ‘utter’ myself f. Jeg ble anmodet (av Jon) om å ytre meg I was asked by Jon to ‘utter’ myself	(23) a. Jon har lest boken Jon has read the book b. Jon fryktes å ha lest boken Jon is feared to have read the book
(30) a. Jon påstås å være fryktet omkommet Jon is-claimed to be feared perished 'it is claimed that it is feared that Jon has perished' b. Jon påstås fryktet å være omkommet Jon is-claimed feared to be perished 'it is claimed that it is feared that Jon has perished'