Difference between revisions of "Augmentation in Luganda"
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Class 5eli; cl 7eki and cl 11olu have inherent nouns but classes 20ogu and cl 22aga do not have inherent nouns. The semantic meaning derived here indicates intensity of size, derogatoriness and other attributes that are pejorative in nature. | Class 5eli; cl 7eki and cl 11olu have inherent nouns but classes 20ogu and cl 22aga do not have inherent nouns. The semantic meaning derived here indicates intensity of size, derogatoriness and other attributes that are pejorative in nature. | ||
| − | Nouns inherent to cl5 | + | Nouns inherent to cl5 (e)li-. See the table below: |
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The basic prefix for class 5 is LI but this undergoes intricate phonological changes of assimilation. | The basic prefix for class 5 is LI but this undergoes intricate phonological changes of assimilation. | ||
| − | Almost any noun can be augmented by adding a class 5 prefix, ''eli-'' to the noun stem. | + | Almost any noun can be augmented by adding a class 5 prefix, ''eli-'' to the noun stem. Augmentation done in this class denotes size or a quality of something that is above the normal or average. |
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'''Class 7 Eki''' | '''Class 7 Eki''' | ||
| − | + | Examples of nouns inherent to this class include: | |
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|} | |} | ||
| − | + | Ki- class also expresses something as above normal size or quality. Usually the quality implied here is size and usually with a derogatory sense. The plural for this class is class 8 ebi-. | |
'''Class 11 Olu-''' | '''Class 11 Olu-''' | ||
| − | Inherent nouns to class 11 | + | Inherent nouns to class 11 olu- |
{| border="1" | {| border="1" | ||
|'''Nouns inherent to cl11''' | |'''Nouns inherent to cl11''' | ||
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|olubaawo | |olubaawo | ||
|blackboard | |blackboard | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |olutindo | ||
| + | |bridge | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |olukoma | ||
| + | |palm tree | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | All nouns in class 11 have an inherent meaning of | + | All nouns in class 11 have an inherent meaning of long, slim, small or spread out. From the examples given it can be noticed that all those nouns have these attributes. So, every noun augmented with ''olu'' necessary has those atributes. For the non-inherent nouns augmented with class 11, there is an added attribute of derogatoriness. |
<Phrase>17295</Phrase> | <Phrase>17295</Phrase> | ||
| − | The noun ''omulenzi'' boy is augmented by replacing the noun class marker ''omu'' with ''olu'' which make the noun augmented and derogatory as well. | + | The noun ''omulenzi'' boy is augmented by replacing the noun class marker ''omu'' with ''olu'' which make the noun augmented and derogatory as well. In this case, the noun in reference (say, omulenzi) necessarily has a quality of "longness". |
'''Class 20 ogu and class 22 aga''' | '''Class 20 ogu and class 22 aga''' | ||
| − | + | These two classes, 20 ogu- and 22 aga- have no inherent nouns. These two classes denote abnormality in size and quality and usually carry a derogatory implication (Ashton et al 1954:363). Any noun can be augmented with class 20 in singular and class 22 in plural respectively. | |
<Phrase>18298</Phrase> | <Phrase>18298</Phrase> | ||
<Phrase>18299</Phrase> | <Phrase>18299</Phrase> | ||
Revision as of 06:45, 22 March 2011
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AUGMENTATION IN LUGANDA
Introduction
Augmentation is the opposite of diminution. In Luganda, augmentatino is denoted by noun class prefixes including Class 5 eli; cl 7 eki;cl 8 ebi; cl 11 olu; cl 20 ogu and cl 22 aga. All classes that denote augmentation are also pejorative, particularly for the non-inherent nouns.
Class 5eli; cl 7eki and cl 11olu have inherent nouns but classes 20ogu and cl 22aga do not have inherent nouns. The semantic meaning derived here indicates intensity of size, derogatoriness and other attributes that are pejorative in nature.
Nouns inherent to cl5 (e)li-. See the table below:
| Nouns inherent to cl5 | English translation |
| eliiso | eye |
| elinnyo | tooth |
| eliggwa | thorn |
| ettama | chick |
| eddungu | desert |
| eppaapaali | pawpaw |
| ekkundi | ambilical cord |
| ekkelenda | tablet |
The basic prefix for class 5 is LI but this undergoes intricate phonological changes of assimilation. Almost any noun can be augmented by adding a class 5 prefix, eli- to the noun stem. Augmentation done in this class denotes size or a quality of something that is above the normal or average.
| Non inherent nouns to cl5 | English translation |
| eddenzi | fat boy |
| essajja | fat/very big fat man |
| elyana | very big bay |
Class 7 Eki
Examples of nouns inherent to this class include:
| Nouns inherent to cl7 | English translation |
| ekikopo | cup |
| ekibiina | class |
| ekyoto | fireplace |
| ekisumuluzo | key |
| ekisenge | bedromm |
Ki- class also expresses something as above normal size or quality. Usually the quality implied here is size and usually with a derogatory sense. The plural for this class is class 8 ebi-.
Class 11 Olu-
Inherent nouns to class 11 olu-
| Nouns inherent to cl11 | English translation |
| oluso | slasher |
| olulimi | tongue |
| oluggya | compound |
| oluku | firewood |
| olupapula | paper |
| olulagala | banana leaf |
| olweyo | broom |
| olubaawo | blackboard |
| olutindo | bridge |
| olukoma | palm tree |
All nouns in class 11 have an inherent meaning of long, slim, small or spread out. From the examples given it can be noticed that all those nouns have these attributes. So, every noun augmented with olu necessary has those atributes. For the non-inherent nouns augmented with class 11, there is an added attribute of derogatoriness.
The noun omulenzi boy is augmented by replacing the noun class marker omu with olu which make the noun augmented and derogatory as well. In this case, the noun in reference (say, omulenzi) necessarily has a quality of "longness".
Class 20 ogu and class 22 aga These two classes, 20 ogu- and 22 aga- have no inherent nouns. These two classes denote abnormality in size and quality and usually carry a derogatory implication (Ashton et al 1954:363). Any noun can be augmented with class 20 in singular and class 22 in plural respectively.