Difference between revisions of "Typological Features Template for Southern Dagaare"

Latest revision as of 06:44, 6 April 2010

Mark Ali, University of Education, Winneba

John Ganaah

Feature

Description

Phonological Features

Vowel inventory

a e i o u ɛ ɔ

Vowel harmony

Dagaare has advanced(/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/)and un-advanced (/a/,/υ/,/ι/,/ɔ/,/ɛ/) tongue root vowels.Only one group can occur within a simple word environment.e.g bie (child), tuo (bitter); pυɔ (stomach), tιε (tree).

Consonant inventory

b d f g gb gy h k kp ky l m n ŋ ŋm ny p r s t v w y z

Some people mark additional consonantal sounds.

Tone

The basic tone structures of Dagaare is L H and M. Although there appear to be a downstep no elaborate study has confirmed this.

Tone has both lexical and grammatical marking on words. eg:i.tú V(to dig)ii.tù V(to follow), iii. tù V(to narrate); i.má PARTC(well),ii.mà V(to stick) iii.mǎ N(mother)and i. báá N(dog) ii.bàà V(to grow), bàá N(pond/stream).

Syllable Structure

Dagaare has the following syllable structures: CV; CVV,CVVV,CVC, CVCV, VC, VVCV

Morpho-syntactic Features

morphological classification (1)

morphological classification (2)

head independant marking as in doolee, doo (man), lee (small) = boy

Nominal Phrases

syntactic structure

DET-POSS N ADJ- DEM- INT- QUANT- LOC- NP

nominal modification

The nominal phrase may be headed by a noun or a pronoun. When the noun phrase is headed by a noun it can be modified by any one of the following modifying elements- adjective, demonstrative, article, quantifier, intensifier, locative or postposition, or another noun phrase.The following examples show how modification is represented in the language

nominal specification

There are determiners, demonstratives(distal and proximal), intensifiers,quantifiers and numerals in Dagaare.Deixis and reference are expressed using the nominal forms determiners(articles),possessives, demonstratives and pronouns together with some particles.The following are some examples of each category of specification:

Determiners:DEF-'a', INDEF-'kanga':Demonstratives:nyɛ,lɛ,nyɛɛ, banang,etc; Quantifiers:ayi,ata,anaare,etc;Intensifiers:paa,yaga

possession

Possession is not overtly marked in Dagaare.It is illustrated by the use of possessive pronoun and juxtaposition.A (possessive)pronoun may occur with a head noun to indicate possession,e.g. "fo bie" meaning "your child".Where two nouns occur in juxtaposition, the first noun is the possessive noun and the second is the head noun,e.g."Ayuo bie" meaning "Ayuo`s child".Ayuo bie

“Ayuo's child” 
 Ayuo  	bie 
 ayuo  	bie 
 Ayuo  	child 
 N  	         N 
 Generated in TypeCraft.

pronominal system

Dagaare pronouns are marked for subject and object function. For personal pronouns,Dagaare makes a two-way distinction between subject pronouns-strong forms and weak forms. For example,the first person singular subject 'n' is a weak form.Its strong counterpart is 'maa' and its objective or accusative form is 'ma'.The following is a list of the pesonal pronouns of Dagaare in their subject and object forms respectively:1st person singular:N(subj),ma(obj);2nd person singular:fo(sub),fo(obj);3rd person singular:o(sub),o(obj);1st person plural:te(sub),te(obj);2nd person plural:yɛ(sub),yɛ(obj):3rd person plural:ba(sub),ba(obj).The strong forms of the personal pronouns in their respective order are as follows:1st person-SG(maa),PL(tenee):2nd person-SG(foo),PL(yɛnee),3rd person-SG(onɔ),PL(bana for human;ana for non-human).

Verbal Phrases

word order

The following sentence illustrates the basic word order which is SVO

TAM

infinitival forms

verbal constructions

There are serial verb constructions in Dagaare.

Iri gaa gaŋ.

“Get up and go to sleep.”

Iri

iri

get_up

V

gaa

go

V2

gaŋ

sleep

V3

Adpositions

Complementation

Special Properties of Soutern Daagare

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+Mark Ali, University of Education, Winneba
+[[User:John Ganaah|John Ganaah]]
 {| border="1" cellpadding="2"
 |-valign="top"
@@ Line 5: / Line 8: @@
 |-valign="top"
 |'''Phonological Features'''
-|In the following fields you describe the phonological inventory o [your language]
+|
 |-
 |Vowel inventory
-| In this field you describe the vowel inventory of [your language]
+| a e i o u ɛ ɔ
 |-
 |Vowel harmony
-| Vowel harmony in Akan operates according to a tongue root system. Usually, nominal and verbal prefixes agree in ATR value with the vowels in the verb or noun stem.
+| Dagaare has advanced(/a/,/e/,/i/,/o/,/u/)and un-advanced (/a/,/υ/,/ι/,/ɔ/,/ɛ/) tongue root vowels.Only one group  can occur within a simple word environment.e.g bie (child), tuo (bitter); pυɔ (stomach), tιε (tree).
 |-
 |Consonant inventory
-| In this field you describe the consonants of [your language]
+| b  d f g gb gy h k kp ky l m n ŋ ŋm ny p r s t v w y z
+Some people mark additional consonantal sounds.
 |-
 |Tone
-|In this field you indicate if [your language] is a tone language and which tones are used; does [your language] have lexical tone?
+The basic tone structures of Dagaare is L H and M. Although there appear to be a downstep no elaborate study has confirmed this.
+| Tone has both lexical and grammatical marking on words. eg:i.tú V(to dig)ii.tù V(to follow), iii. tù V(to narrate);  i.má PARTC(well),ii.mà V(to stick) iii.mǎ N(mother)and i. báá N(dog) ii.bàà V(to grow), bàá N(pond/stream).
 |-
 |Syllable Structure
-|In this field you indicate the basic syllable structures of [your language].
+Dagaare has the following syllable structures: CV; CVV,CVVV,CVC, CVCV, VC, VVCV
+|
 |-
 |'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
-|In the following fields you describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of [your language]
+|
 |-
 |morphological classification (1)
-|[Your language] could be an isolating language (not (or nearly not) making use of morphology, agglutinative, such as the Bantu languages of Africa, or synthetic, such as the Saami languages of Scandinavia, or even polysynthetic such as Greenlandic. In this field you classify [your language] according to these parameters if possible.
+|
 |-
 |morphological classification (2)
-|Linguists have distinguished between head- and dependent-marking languages. Semitic languages are head marking languages; it is the head of the noun phrases that needs to have a special form when followed by a dependent noun; in the Germanic languages it is the head of the verb phrase that expresses person-number features of its subject. Grammatical dependencies on the other hand are in some of the Germanic languages expressed on the dependent noun phrases in form of case. [Your language] might be both, head- and dependent-marking, depending on the category of speech and or the type of feature expressed. This is what you can describe in this field.
+|head independant marking as in doolee, doo (man), lee (small) = boy
 |-
 |'''Nominal Phrases'''
-|In the following fields follows a description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents
+|
 |-
 |syntactic structure
-|In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase
+|DET-POSS N ADJ- DEM- INT- QUANT- LOC- NP
 |-
 |nominal modification
-|In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...)
+|The nominal phrase may be headed by a noun or a pronoun. When the noun phrase is headed by a noun it can be modified by any one of the following modifying elements- adjective, demonstrative, article, quantifier, intensifier, locative or postposition, or another noun phrase.The following examples show how modification is represented in the language
 |-
 |nominal specification
-|In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with?
+|There are determiners, demonstratives(distal and proximal), intensifiers,quantifiers and numerals in Dagaare.Deixis and reference are expressed using the nominal forms determiners(articles),possessives, demonstratives and pronouns together with some particles.The following are some examples of each category of specification:
+Determiners:DEF-'a', INDEF-'kanga':Demonstratives:nyɛ,lɛ,nyɛɛ, banang,etc; Quantifiers:ayi,ata,anaare,etc;Intensifiers:paa,yaga
 |-
 |possession
-|In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns?
+|Possession is not overtly marked in Dagaare.It is illustrated by the use of possessive pronoun and juxtaposition.A (possessive)pronoun may occur with a head noun to indicate possession,e.g. "fo bie" meaning "your child".Where two nouns occur in juxtaposition, the first noun is the possessive noun and the second is the head noun,e.g."Ayuo bie" meaning "Ayuo`s child".Ayuo bie
+ “Ayuo's child”
+  Ayuo  	bie
+  ayuo  	bie
+  Ayuo  	child
+  N  	         N
+  Generated in TypeCraft.
 |-
 |pronominal system
-| In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns?
+|Dagaare pronouns are marked for subject and object function. For personal pronouns,Dagaare makes a two-way distinction between subject pronouns-strong forms and weak forms. For example,the first person singular subject 'n' is a weak form.Its strong counterpart is 'maa' and its objective or accusative form is 'ma'.The following is a list of the pesonal pronouns of Dagaare in their subject and object forms respectively:1st person singular:N(subj),ma(obj);2nd person singular:fo(sub),fo(obj);3rd person singular:o(sub),o(obj);1st person plural:te(sub),te(obj);2nd person plural:yɛ(sub),yɛ(obj):3rd person plural:ba(sub),ba(obj).The strong forms of the personal pronouns in their respective order are as follows:1st person-SG(maa),PL(tenee):2nd person-SG(foo),PL(yɛnee),3rd person-SG(onɔ),PL(bana for human;ana for non-human).
 |-
 |'''Verbal Phrases'''
-|In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents
 |-
 |word order
-|In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...)
+|The following sentence illustrates the basic word order which is SVO
+<Phrase>10156</Phrase>
 |-
 |TAM
-|In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions?
+|
 |-
 |infinitival forms
-|In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have?
+|
 |-
 |verbal constructions
-| In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect?
+| There are serial verb constructions in Dagaare.
+<Phrase>10255</Phrase>
 |-
 |'''Adpositions'''
-|In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument?
+|
 |-
 |'''Complementation'''
-| In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers?
+|
 |-
-|'''Special Properties of [your language]
+|'''Special Properties of Soutern Daagare
-| In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template
+|
 |}