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Difference between revisions of "Typological Features Template for Dangme"

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BY REGINA OFORIWAH CAESAR
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{| border="1" cellpadding="3"
 
|-valign="top"
 
|-valign="top"
 
|width="20%"|'''Feature'''
 
|width="20%"|'''Feature'''
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|-valign="top"
 
|-valign="top"
 
|'''Phonological Features'''
 
|'''Phonological Features'''
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|In the following fields you describe the phonological inventory of [your language]
+
|In the following fields I describe the phonological inventory of the Dangme.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vowel inventory
 
|Vowel inventory
−
| In this field you describe the vowels of [your language]
+
|Dangme has seven vowels. These are /i, e,ε, a,כ,o,u/. All the seven vowels of Dangme can be
 +
lenghtened as they appear in the following words:
 +
{|cellpadding="4"
 +
|'''Short'''
 +
|'''Long'''
 +
|-
 +
| te ‘to fly’||Agbee  ‘a diety’ 
 +
|-
 +
|yá 'net’ ||ejakaa ‘because’
 +
|-
 +
|to  ‘goat’ ||loo  ‘weaves’
 +
|-
 +
|lε  ‘firewood’|| bεε  ‘sweeps’
 +
|-
 +
| pu  ‘burry’ ||sukuu ‘school’
 +
|-
 +
| nini  ‘shadow’ ||mii  ‘sunk’
 +
|-
 +
|kɔ  ‘fist’||tsɔɔ ‘to teach’
 +
|}
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Vowel harmony
 
|Vowel harmony
−
| In this field you describe rule based assimilations involving vowels in [your language]
+
|Vowel harmony occurs mildly in Dangme. The kind of vowel harmony is not the classic type. It is mostly realized in the formation of some negatives in Dangme.
 +
Vowel harmony occurs in Verb stems that take the suffix [-i]in their negative formation.For instance, verb stems that end in /u/ select the high front rounded vowel as their negative marker. By so doing, the front and back vowel /i,u/ agree in height.
 +
{|cellpadding="4"
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|'''Verb Stem  '''
 +
|''' Negative Suffix [-i]'''
 +
|-
 +
| tu 'jump'||tui 'did not jump'
 +
|-
 +
|pu ' burry'||pui 'did not burry'
 +
|-
 +
|ku 'break'||kui 'did not break'
 +
|}
 +
Also, verbs stems which end in the vowel /o/, raises the /o/ from mid-high to high position in
 +
their negative formations before the negative marker /i/ is attached. For example:
 +
{|cellpadding="4"
 +
|'''Verb Stem'''
 +
|'''Rise in vowel height'''
 +
|'''Negative Suffix [-i]'''
 +
|-
 +
|ko 'pound'||ko  = ku||kui 'did not pound'
 +
|-
 +
|lo 'weave'||lo  = lu||lui 'did not weave'
 +
|-
 +
|po 'cut'||po  = pu||pui 'did not cut'
 +
|}   
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Consonant inventory
 
|Consonant inventory
−
| In this field you describe the consonants of [your language]
+
| In this field I describe the consonants of Dangme.
 +
  Dangme has a total of twenty three consonants. These are: d, d, f, g, gb, h, j, k, kp, l,
 +
  m, n, ng, ny, ngm, p, s, t, v, w, y, z. Each of these consonants can occur at word initial, and
 +
  at word medial positions. But 'm' can also occur at word final position. Words formed with
 +
  consonant 'm' at the final position function as adverbs.See below:
 +
        pampam, tamtam, kamkam, tomtom.   
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Tone
 
|Tone
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|In this field you indicate if [your language] is a tone language and which tones are used; does [your language] have lexical tone?
+
|In this field I describe the tone pattern in Dangme. Dangme is a tone language.It has three tone 
 +
levels: high tone (́), mid tone (̀), and low tone (ˉ). These tones function lexically and
 +
grammatically to distinguish meaning among words and phrases in the Dangme language. For example:
 +
  '''Lexical Tone'''                    '''Meaning/Gloss'''
 +
    bá                            come! = Imperative
 +
    bā                            came = Past
 +
        bà                            leaf = noun 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
        má                        dough = noun
 +
        mā                        herrings = noun
 +
        mà                        town  = noun
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
           
 +
    '''Grammatical Tone'''                '''Meaning'''
 +
  ''Á  kpè'' piɔ.                          They should meet now!
 +
  ''À  kpè'' hiε.                          They have met yesterday.                 
 +
  ''À  kpé'' lo ɔ.                          They chewed the meat
 +
 
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Syllable Structure
 
|Syllable Structure
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|In this field you indicate the basic syllable structures of [your language].
+
|In this field I indicate the basic syllable structures of Dangme. The syllable types in Dangme are the V, CV, CVC, CVCV, CVVCVV,CCVCV,CVCCV, CVCCVCV etc.
 +
 
 +
  These pronouns fall under the V structural type. The raised (t) represents tone:
 +
  i : Vt
 +
  a : Vt
 +
  e : Vt
 +
  o : Vt
 +
 
 +
  '''CVt Type examples:'''
 +
      gbe, to, pa, we, bo, sa, ngma, kpe, gbe
 +
 
 +
  '''CVtC type examples:'''  pam, kam, tom, kom, vam
 +
 
 +
  '''CVtCVt Type examples:'''  kake, Dede, Tsatsu, kutsa, baba, doti
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
 
|'''Morpho-syntactic Features'''
−
|In the following fields you describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of [your language]
+
|In the following fields I describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of Dangme.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|morphological classification (1)
 
|morphological classification (1)
−
|[Your language] could be an isolating language (not (or nearly not) making use of morphology, agglutinative, such as the Bantu languages of Africa, or synthetic, such as the Saami languages of Scandinavia, or even polysynthetic such as Greenlandic. In this field you classify [your language] according to these parameters if possible.
+
|Dangme is mildly inflectional. There are some few nominal prefixes and verbal inflection
 +
indicating tense, aspect and negation. example:
 +
 
 +
          '''VERB'''                    '''NOUN'''
 +
  a-    + kpasa              =      Akpasa
 +
  PREFIX  lean against...            a kind of chair
 +
 
 +
  o-    +  hia              =      ohia
 +
  PREFIX    in need                  poverty
 +
 
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|morphological classification (2)
 
|morphological classification (2)
−
|Linguists have distinguished between head- and dependent-marking languages. Semitic languages are head marking languages; it is the head of the noun phrases that needs to have a special form when followed by a dependent noun; in the Germanic languages it is the head of the verb phrase that expresses person-number features of its subject. Grammatical dependencies on the other hand are in some of the Germanic languages expressed on the dependent noun phrases in form of case. [Your language] might be both, head- and dependent-marking, depending on the category of speech and or the type of feature expressed. This is what you can describe in this field.
+
|In Dangme, the subject and verb do not agree. But there is some agreement with the nominal head in  
 +
noun phrases and with adjectives they co-occur with. The determiners also agree in number with
 +
nouns.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Nominal Phrases'''
 
|'''Nominal Phrases'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|syntactic structure
 
|syntactic structure
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|In this field you describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase  
+
|In this field I describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase involves pre-head
 +
modifiers such as possessive pronouns, demonstratives, cardinal and distributive numerals and
 +
epithet. 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|nominal modification
 
|nominal modification
−
|In this field you indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives, relative clauses, adpositions...)
+
|In this field I indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives and relative clauses.  
 +
Adjectives such as colour adjectives, derived adjectves, distributional adjectives,adjective of
 +
height, size and many others are used to modify nominals.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|nominal specification
 
|nominal specification
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|In this field you indicate the basic types of specification. Does [your language] have determiners, demonstratives (deixis), numerals, quantifiers. Are there affixes expressing reference, deixis. Are there nouns or other elements expression a portion of a noun that the co-occur with?
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|In this field i indicate the basic types of specification in Dangme. Dangme have determiners
 +
such as :ko = singular, komε = plural (indefinate markers) and the definate markers include: a = 'the' singular, ɔ= 'the' singular and amε and ɔmε =plural markers.
 +
demonstratives include: jamε a = 'that', and kikεmε a = 'this'
 
|-
 
|-
−
|possession
+
|Possession
−
|In this field you describe how possession is expressed (for example, syntactically or by use of prepositions, through juxtaposition or morphologically) Does [your language] feature possessive pronouns?
+
|In this field I describe how possession is expressed in Dangme.(for example, by the use of nouns and pronouns.)
 +
  Example:          O    we    ɔ    kle.
 +
                    your house  the  big
 +
                    2PL  N      DET  ADJ
 +
                    Your house is big.
 +
 
 +
                    Kofi    gbe ɔ  gbo.
 +
                    KofiPOSS dog DET diePAST
 +
                    KOfi's dog is dead.
 +
 
 +
                    To    ɔ    nane ku.
 +
                    goat  DET  leg  breakPERF
 +
                    The goat has broken its leg.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|pronominal system
 
|pronominal system
−
| In this field you indicate if [your language] has free pronoun forms? Are pronouns marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns)? Does your language have bound pronouns (affixes) or pronoun doubling? Are reflexives expressed by pronouns?
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| In this field I indicate that Dangme has free pronoun forms. The pronouns are marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns. Dangme does not have bound pronouns. (Pronouns are used to express reflexives.)
 +
 
 +
  '''Free Pronouns'''
 +
    I,    e,        a ,    o,    mi,  mo,    mε,  wa,  ye, wɔ
 +
    I  he/she/it  their  your  me  you.PL  them  our  my  us
 +
 
 +
  '''Subject Pronouns'''
 +
    I, e,            a,      o.
 +
    I  he/she/it  their  your
 +
 
 +
  '''Object Pronoun'''
 +
    mi,  mo,    mε,  wa,  ye, wɔ
 +
    me  you.PL  them  our  my  us
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''Verbal Phrases'''
+
|'''Verbal phrases'''
−
|In the following fields serve for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents
+
|In the following fields serves for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|word order
 
|word order
−
|In this field you indicate the basic word order of your language (SOV, SOV ...)
+
|The basic word order of your Dangme is SVO.
 +
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
|TAM  
 
|TAM  
−
|In this field you indicate which tense and/or aspects are morphologically or tonally marked; does [your language] make use of periphrastic tense or aspect constructions?
+
|Dangme make use of Periphrastic tense and aspect constructions. Example:
 +
 
|-
 
|-
−
|infinitival forms
+
|
−
|In this field you indicate if [your language] makes use of an infinitive marker? How many infinitival forms does your language have?
+
 
|-
 
|-
 
|verbal constructions
 
|verbal constructions
−
| In this field you indicate if [your language] has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs. Does your language have so called light verbs, perhaps only used to indicate a certain tense or aspect?
+
| In this field I indicate that Dangme has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs.  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|'''Adpositions'''
 
|'''Adpositions'''
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|-
 
|-
 
|'''Complementation'''
 
|'''Complementation'''
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| In this field you describe complementation strategies. Does [your language] make use of complementizers?
+
| In this field I describe complementation strategies. Dangme makes use of complementizers.
 
|-
 
|-
−
|'''Special Properties of [your language]
+
|'''Special Properties of Dangme.
−
| In this field you should mention properties of [your language] which did not fit into any of the other categories mentioned in this template
+
|  
−
 
+
 
|}
 
|}

Latest revision as of 15:37, 5 August 2011

BY REGINA OFORIWAH CAESAR


Feature Description
Phonological Features In the following fields I describe the phonological inventory of the Dangme.
Vowel inventory Dangme has seven vowels. These are /i, e,ε, a,כ,o,u/. All the seven vowels of Dangme can be

lenghtened as they appear in the following words:

Short Long
te ‘to fly’ Agbee ‘a diety’
yá 'net’ ejakaa ‘because’
to ‘goat’ loo ‘weaves’
lε ‘firewood’ bεε ‘sweeps’
pu ‘burry’ sukuu ‘school’
nini ‘shadow’ mii ‘sunk’
kɔ ‘fist’ tsɔɔ ‘to teach’
Vowel harmony Vowel harmony occurs mildly in Dangme. The kind of vowel harmony is not the classic type. It is mostly realized in the formation of some negatives in Dangme.

Vowel harmony occurs in Verb stems that take the suffix [-i]in their negative formation.For instance, verb stems that end in /u/ select the high front rounded vowel as their negative marker. By so doing, the front and back vowel /i,u/ agree in height.

Verb Stem Negative Suffix [-i]
tu 'jump' tui 'did not jump'
pu ' burry' pui 'did not burry'
ku 'break' kui 'did not break'

Also, verbs stems which end in the vowel /o/, raises the /o/ from mid-high to high position in their negative formations before the negative marker /i/ is attached. For example:

Verb Stem Rise in vowel height Negative Suffix [-i]
ko 'pound' ko = ku kui 'did not pound'
lo 'weave' lo = lu lui 'did not weave'
po 'cut' po = pu pui 'did not cut'
Consonant inventory In this field I describe the consonants of Dangme. 
 Dangme has a total of twenty three consonants. These are: d, d, f, g, gb, h, j, k, kp, l, 
 m, n, ng, ny, ngm, p, s, t, v, w, y, z. Each of these consonants can occur at word initial, and 
 at word medial positions. But 'm' can also occur at word final position. Words formed with 
 consonant 'm' at the final position function as adverbs.See below: 
        pampam, tamtam, kamkam, tomtom.
Tone In this field I describe the tone pattern in Dangme. Dangme is a tone language.It has three tone 
levels: high tone (́), mid tone (̀), and low tone (ˉ). These tones function lexically and 
grammatically to distinguish meaning among words and phrases in the Dangme language. For example:
 Lexical Tone      	              Meaning/Gloss
   	bá                            come! = Imperative
   	bā                            came = Past
       bà                            leaf = noun  



       má                        dough = noun
       mā                        herrings = noun
       mà                        town  = noun




   Grammatical Tone                Meaning
 Á  kpè piɔ.                           They should meet now! 
 À  kpè hiε.                           They have met yesterday.                   
 À  kpé lo ɔ.                          They chewed the meat


Syllable Structure In this field I indicate the basic syllable structures of Dangme. The syllable types in Dangme are the V, CV, CVC, CVCV, CVVCVV,CCVCV,CVCCV, CVCCVCV etc. 
 These pronouns fall under the V structural type. The raised (t) represents tone:
  i : Vt 
  a : Vt 
  e : Vt 
  o : Vt

 CVt Type examples:
     gbe, to, pa, we, bo, sa, ngma, kpe, gbe 

 CVtC type examples:  pam, kam, tom, kom, vam

 CVtCVt Type examples:  kake, Dede, Tsatsu, kutsa, baba, doti
Morpho-syntactic Features In the following fields I describe some of the basic morpho-syntactic parameters of Dangme.
morphological classification (1) Dangme is mildly inflectional. There are some few nominal prefixes and verbal inflection 
indicating tense, aspect and negation. example:

          VERB                     NOUN
 a-     + kpasa              =       Akpasa
 PREFIX   lean against...            a kind of chair

 o-     +  hia               =       ohia
 PREFIX    in need                   poverty


morphological classification (2) In Dangme, the subject and verb do not agree. But there is some agreement with the nominal head in 
noun phrases and with adjectives they co-occur with. The determiners also agree in number with 
nouns.
Nominal Phrases In the following fields follows a description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of nominal constituents
syntactic structure In this field I describe the linear order of elements in the noun phrase involves pre-head 
modifiers such as possessive pronouns, demonstratives, cardinal and distributive numerals and 
epithet.
nominal modification In this field I indicate the basic types of nominal modification (adjectives and relative clauses. 
Adjectives such as colour adjectives, derived adjectves, distributional adjectives,adjective of 
height, size and many others are used to modify nominals.
nominal specification In this field i indicate the basic types of specification in Dangme. Dangme have determiners

such as :ko = singular, komε = plural (indefinate markers) and the definate markers include: a = 'the' singular, ɔ= 'the' singular and amε and ɔmε =plural markers. demonstratives include: jamε a = 'that', and kikεmε a = 'this'

Possession In this field I describe how possession is expressed in Dangme.(for example, by the use of nouns and pronouns.) 
 Example:           O    we     ɔ    kle.
                    your house  the  big
                    2PL  N      DET  ADJ
                    Your house is big.

                    Kofi     gbe ɔ   gbo.
                    KofiPOSS dog DET diePAST
                    KOfi's dog is dead.

                    To    ɔ    nane ku.
                    goat  DET  leg  breakPERF
                    The goat has broken its leg.
pronominal system In this field I indicate that Dangme has free pronoun forms. The pronouns are marked for their grammatical function (object versus subject pronouns. Dangme does not have bound pronouns. (Pronouns are used to express reflexives.) 
 Free Pronouns
   I,    e,        a ,     o,    mi,  mo,     mε,   wa,  ye, wɔ
   I   he/she/it   their   your  me   you.PL  them  our  my  us

 Subject Pronouns
   I, e,            a,      o. 
   I   he/she/it   their   your

 Object Pronoun
    mi,  mo,     mε,   wa,  ye, wɔ
   me   you.PL  them  our  my  us
Verbal phrases In the following fields serves for the description of some of the basic morpho-syntactic properties of verbal constituents.
word order The basic word order of your Dangme is SVO.
TAM Dangme make use of Periphrastic tense and aspect constructions. Example:
verbal constructions In this field I indicate that Dangme has ditransitive constructions, serial verb constructions or complex verb forms composed of several verbs.
Adpositions In this field you indicate if [your language[ makes use of prepositions or postpositions. Does your language have spatial nouns? Does your language use adpositions or particles to indicate grammatical relations between the verb and a nominal argument?
Complementation In this field I describe complementation strategies. Dangme makes use of complementizers.
Special Properties of Dangme.
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