Difference between revisions of "Bare Nominalizations in Norwegian"
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By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style. BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun. | By a '''bare nominalization''' (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include ''-ing, -else, -sjon'' as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: ''-else'' and ''-sjon'' always induce masculine gender, ''-ing'' always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style. BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun. | ||
| + | One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in | ||
| + | Lars Hellan (2016): ''Light Verbs in Norwegian'' [[Media:Light verbs presentation Final.pdf | Download file]] | ||
| − | + | (Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.) | |
| − | + | == Examples == | |
| − | + | (Gender not yet indicated.) | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | == A == | |
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| − | + | abort | |
| + | aksept | ||
| + | al | ||
| + | anfall | ||
| + | ange | ||
| + | anger | ||
| + | angrep | ||
| + | anke | ||
| + | anklage | ||
| + | anlegg | ||
| + | anløp | ||
| + | anrop | ||
| + | anslag | ||
| + | appell | ||
| + | applaus | ||
| + | arbeid | ||
| + | arrest | ||
| + | arv | ||
| + | attest | ||
| + | avdrag | ||
| + | avkok | ||
| + | avl | ||
| + | avslag | ||
| + | avreise | ||
| + | avskjed | ||
| + | avsky | ||
| + | avtale | ||
| + | avvik | ||
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| − | + | == B == | |
| + | : | ||
| − | + | babel | |
| − | + | bad | |
| − | + | baksnakk | |
| − | + | bank | |
| − | + | bann | |
| − | + | bønn | |
| − | + | begjær | |
| − | + | begrep | |
| − | + | behag | |
| − | + | behov | |
| − | + | bekomst | |
| − | + | belegg | |
| − | + | bero | |
| − | + | beslag | |
| − | + | besvær | |
| − | + | besøk | |
| − | + | bidrag | |
| − | + | bifall | |
| − | + | bistand | |
| − | + | bitt | |
| − | + | blunk | |
| − | + | bluss | |
| − | + | bortfall | |
| − | + | bortfeste | |
| − | + | brak | |
| − | + | brask | |
| − | + | bram | |
| − | + | brann | |
| − | + | bruk | |
| − | + | brum | |
| − | + | brus | |
| + | bry | ||
| + | bryderi | ||
| + | brygg | ||
| + | brudd | ||
| + | bråk | ||
| + | brøl | ||
| + | bu | ||
| + | bukk | ||
| + | bud | ||
| + | bygg | ||
| + | byks | ||
| + | bytte | ||
| + | bør | ||
| + | bot | ||
| + | bøy | ||
| + | |||
| − | + | == D == | |
| + | : | ||
| − | + | dank | |
| − | + | dask | |
| − | + | dekke | |
| − | + | del | |
| − | + | dikt | |
| − | + | dop | |
| − | + | drag | |
| − | + | drass | |
| + | drap | ||
| + | drift | ||
| + | drikk | ||
| + | drill | ||
| + | drit | ||
| + | drift | ||
| + | dropp | ||
| + | drypp | ||
| + | drøm | ||
| + | drønn | ||
| + | duft | ||
| + | dyd | ||
| + | dukk | ||
| + | dunder | ||
| + | dunk | ||
| + | dunst | ||
| + | dusj | ||
| + | dykk | ||
| + | dytt | ||
| + | død | ||
| + | dom | ||
| + | dåp | ||
| + | døs | ||
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| + | ebbe | ||
| + | ekserpt | ||
| + | eksistens | ||
| + | eksperiment | ||
| + | eksport | ||
| + | angst | ||
| + | etterfyll | ||
| + | ettersyn | ||
| + | == F == | ||
| + | : | ||
| + | |||
| + | fabel | ||
| + | fabulat | ||
| + | fagnad | ||
| + | fall | ||
| + | fangst | ||
| + | faste | ||
| + | ferdsel | ||
| + | fik | ||
| + | fiske | ||
| + | fjas | ||
| + | fusk | ||
| + | flass | ||
| + | fleip | ||
| + | flenge | ||
| + | flikk | ||
| + | flimmer | ||
| + | flir | ||
| + | floke | ||
| + | flokk | ||
| + | flom | ||
| + | flukt | ||
| + | fly | ||
| + | flyt | ||
| + | flytt | ||
| + | flås | ||
| + | flo | ||
| + | fnys | ||
| + | fold | ||
| + | forakt | ||
| + | forbehold | ||
| + | forbruk | ||
| + | forbud | ||
| + | fór | ||
| + | foredrag | ||
| + | forfall | ||
| + | forekomst | ||
| + | forelegg | ||
| + | foresett | ||
| + | forslag | ||
| + | foretak | ||
| + | forfall | ||
| + | forhold | ||
| + | forhør | ||
| + | forlik | ||
| + | forlis | ||
| + | forløp | ||
| + | forspill | ||
| + | forsvar | ||
| + | forsyn | ||
| + | forsøk | ||
| + | foss | ||
| + | fossregn | ||
| + | frafall | ||
| + | frakt | ||
| + | fremkast | ||
| + | fremkomst | ||
| + | fravik | ||
| + | fred | ||
| + | frelse | ||
| + | fremme | ||
| + | fritak | ||
| + | fryd | ||
| + | frykt | ||
== Enumeration == | == Enumeration == | ||
| − | By a preliminary | + | By a preliminary estimate, the language has about 3500 de-verbal nouns, and among them about 800 BNs. To be able to get an overall profile of their functions, the following predominantly semantic criteria can serve as candidates for classification, with accompanying abbreviations and markings of values: |
| − | Parameter Abbreviation Description Value marks | + | '''Parameter Abbreviation Description Value marks''' |
Ontological status Ontstat Situation vs. Thing s, t | Ontological status Ontstat Situation vs. Thing s, t | ||
| − | Resultativity Res | + | Resultativity Res Result of event vs. not 1, 0 |
| − | Agentivity Ag | + | Agentivity Ag Agentive vs. Non-agentive 1, 0 |
| − | Aspect Asp | + | Aspect Asp Aspectual types Type name(s) |
| − | Institutionalization Instit | + | (connected with ‘&’ when many) |
| − | Domain Dom | + | Institutionalization Instit Institutionalized vs. not 1, 0 |
| − | + | Domain Dom Physical vs. Cognitive vs. phys, cog, | |
| − | + | Emotional vs. Apriori vs. Social emot, aprio, soc, | |
| − | Valency preservation | + | vs. FinanJurAdminManag (=fjam) fjam |
| − | Theta-role, for things Th | + | (connected with ‘&’ when many) |
| − | + | Valency preservation Val Valency preserving vs. not 1, 0 | |
| − | + | Theta-role, for things Th The role that the entity has | |
| + | relative to the sit-type expressed | ||
| + | by the root Role name(s) | ||
| + | (connected with ‘&’ when many) | ||
| − | The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence. | + | The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence. |
| − | + | '''Ontstat Res Ag Asp Instit Dom Val Th''' | |
| − | + | bønn_s ‘prayer’ s 0 1 dur 1 cog 0 | |
| − | bønn_s ‘prayer’ | + | bønn_t ‘prayer’ t 0 1 -- 1 cog 0 inh |
| − | bønn_t ‘prayer’ | + | begjær ‘desire’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0 |
| − | begjær ‘desire’ | + | |
begrep ‘concept’ t 0 0 - 1 cog 0 inh | begrep ‘concept’ t 0 0 - 1 cog 0 inh | ||
behag ‘pleasure’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0 | behag ‘pleasure’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0 | ||
| Line 235: | Line 248: | ||
bifall ‘approval’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam 0 | bifall ‘approval’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam 0 | ||
bistand ‘support’ s 0 1 all & fjam 0 | bistand ‘support’ s 0 1 all & fjam 0 | ||
| − | + | bite ‘bite’ t 1 1 - 0 phys 0 inh | |
| − | brak | + | brak ‘crash’ s && 0 inst 0 phys 0 |
brann ‘fire’ s && 0 dur 0 phys 0 | brann ‘fire’ s && 0 dur 0 phys 0 | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | finne behag | + | == Sentence annotation for BNs == |
| − | find | + | |
| − | V | + | For annotation of BN occurrences in a corpus, one can in turn pull such value sequences together in short-hand expressions, as indicated below in an annotation snippet for a construction including the light verb expression ''finne behag i'' ‘find pleasure in’, the shorthand reflecting the above stated values for ''behag'': |
| + | |||
| + | '''finne behag''' | ||
| + | find pleasure | ||
| + | V BN=s00dur0emot0 | ||
| + | |||
| − | |||
TO BE CONTINUED | TO BE CONTINUED | ||
Latest revision as of 19:00, 20 September 2016
By a bare nominalization (BN) we mean a noun whose form can appear as, or be similar to, the stem of a verb, and which carries no derivational affix, that is, none of the affixes standardly used for the construction of nouns from verbs. In Norwegian, such affixes include -ing, -else, -sjon as the most regular. For each of them, the relation to the meaning induced can vary from verb to verb, but the gender of the noun induced is always the same: -else and -sjon always induce masculine gender, -ing always induces masculine or feminine, according to parameters of norm and style. BNs, in contrast, have a gender defined specifically for each noun, dependent neither on the associated verb nor on aspects of the form of the noun.
One of the construction types in which BNs frequently occur are Light Verb Constructions (LVCs). An introduction to an analysis of those in Norwegian is given in Lars Hellan (2016): Light Verbs in Norwegian Download file
(Of course BNs occur in other environments than LVCs, and LVCs contain other types of situational nouns as well.)
Examples
(Gender not yet indicated.)
A
abort aksept al anfall ange anger angrep anke anklage anlegg anløp anrop anslag appell applaus arbeid arrest arv attest avdrag avkok avl avslag avreise avskjed avsky avtale avvik
B
babel bad baksnakk bank bann bønn begjær begrep behag behov bekomst belegg bero beslag besvær besøk bidrag bifall bistand bitt blunk bluss bortfall bortfeste brak brask bram brann bruk brum brus bry bryderi brygg brudd bråk brøl bu bukk bud bygg byks bytte bør bot bøy
D
dank dask dekke del dikt dop drag drass drap drift drikk drill drit drift dropp drypp drøm drønn duft dyd dukk dunder dunk dunst dusj dykk dytt død dom dåp døs
E
ebbe ekserpt eksistens eksperiment eksport angst etterfyll ettersyn
F
fabel fabulat fagnad fall fangst faste ferdsel fik fiske fjas fusk flass fleip flenge flikk flimmer flir floke flokk flom flukt fly flyt flytt flås flo fnys fold forakt forbehold forbruk forbud fór foredrag forfall forekomst forelegg foresett forslag foretak forfall forhold forhør forlik forlis forløp forspill forsvar forsyn forsøk foss fossregn frafall frakt fremkast fremkomst fravik fred frelse fremme fritak fryd frykt
Enumeration
By a preliminary estimate, the language has about 3500 de-verbal nouns, and among them about 800 BNs. To be able to get an overall profile of their functions, the following predominantly semantic criteria can serve as candidates for classification, with accompanying abbreviations and markings of values:
Parameter Abbreviation Description Value marks
Ontological status Ontstat Situation vs. Thing s, t
Resultativity Res Result of event vs. not 1, 0
Agentivity Ag Agentive vs. Non-agentive 1, 0
Aspect Asp Aspectual types Type name(s)
(connected with ‘&’ when many)
Institutionalization Instit Institutionalized vs. not 1, 0
Domain Dom Physical vs. Cognitive vs. phys, cog,
Emotional vs. Apriori vs. Social emot, aprio, soc,
vs. FinanJurAdminManag (=fjam) fjam
(connected with ‘&’ when many)
Valency preservation Val Valency preserving vs. not 1, 0
Theta-role, for things Th The role that the entity has
relative to the sit-type expressed
by the root Role name(s)
(connected with ‘&’ when many)
The deployment of value marks can be used in a general BN inventory as indicated below. Here '-' stands for ‘does not apply’ (as with aspect specification of a thing), and ‘inh’ stands for ‘inherent’ (as in ‘inherent object’). '&&' standing in a column by itself means 'can be all/either of the options defined for the column', a situation often obtaining when a word is characterized in isolation (and has many uses in principle), less so if annotated as a corpus occurrence.
Ontstat Res Ag Asp Instit Dom Val Th bønn_s ‘prayer’ s 0 1 dur 1 cog 0 bønn_t ‘prayer’ t 0 1 -- 1 cog 0 inh begjær ‘desire’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0 begrep ‘concept’ t 0 0 - 1 cog 0 inh behag ‘pleasure’ s 0 0 dur 0 emot 0 behov ‘need’ s 0 0 dur 0 All 1 besøk ‘visit’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam 0 bifall ‘approval’ s 0 1 dur && soc&fjam 0 bistand ‘support’ s 0 1 all & fjam 0 bite ‘bite’ t 1 1 - 0 phys 0 inh brak ‘crash’ s && 0 inst 0 phys 0 brann ‘fire’ s && 0 dur 0 phys 0
Sentence annotation for BNs
For annotation of BN occurrences in a corpus, one can in turn pull such value sequences together in short-hand expressions, as indicated below in an annotation snippet for a construction including the light verb expression finne behag i ‘find pleasure in’, the shorthand reflecting the above stated values for behag:
finne behag find pleasure V BN=s00dur0emot0
TO BE CONTINUED