Latest revision as of 15:08, 20 May 2016

This page has been created by the TypeCraft Project

--Typecraft (talk) 12:59, 1 May 2016 (CEST)

The study of Bantu applicatives has a long tradition. Here are some references ordered by language^[1]:

Sesotho – Morolong & Hyman, 1977; Machobane, 1989; Demuth, 2003;
Haya – Duranti & Byarushengo, 1977; Hyman & Duranti, 1982;
Chichewa – Marantz, 1984; Baker, 1988; Alsina & Mchombo 1990;
Kichaga – Bresnan & Moshi, 1990;
Chishona – Harford, 1993
Bemba - Marten, 2011

Bantu languages differ in whether they allow symmetric or asymmetric applicatives. Luganda belongs to the former class, which means that both objects behave like core objects: they can become the subject of a passive construction, and they can be expressed as pre-verbal pronominal affixes on the applicativized verb.

Two question areas stand central in the linguistic literature on applicativization in Banut: (a) Which arguments can be applicativized, and, under applicativization, is the applied argument independently lexicalized or expressed within the verb, or both? (b) which syntactic verb classes allow applicativization, can for example also ditransitive verbs be applicativized and do all verb classes support applicatives?

In the following we will focus our description of the Luganda applicative on six salient properties, using IGT examples from the TypeCraft's public Luganda corpus. The corpus contains at the point of writing (April 2016) 94 sentences where at least one verb is glossed for having an applicative extension.

These are the parameters we have considered:

The thematic role of the applied argument (AA)
The syntactic category of the AA (e.g. PN, N, PP)
Presence of argument indices
Linearization of the objects in ditransitive applicatives
Applied object topicalization
Applied object relativization

(1) VERB: tunuula Meaning: 'look', see' , Thematic Role: Stimulus, Argument index: "ki" is class 7, which gives a pejorative meaning to the applicativized object, Topicalization: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(2) VERB: leeta Meaning: 'bring', Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: AA not independently lexicalised , Argument index: + , Topicalization: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(3)VERB: nywa, Meaning' : 'drink', Themantic Role: Location, AA-Category: AA not lexicalized independently, Argument index: Locative endclitic on the verb, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(4) VERB: kola Meaning: 'do', AA':Bebe Cool Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: Np , Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(5)VERB: tunuula Meaning: 'look', 'see' AA: akazimbe kaganyegenya , Thematic Role: Stimulus, AA_Category: CN Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(6)VERB: soma Meaning: 'read' , Themantic Role: Malficiary, AA-Category: AA not lexicalized independently, Argument index: +, Topicalisation: - Note: The meaning read to me is here interpreted as talking bad about me (might be a slang expression)

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(7)VERB:suula Meaning: 'throw', Thematic Role: Theme, AA-Category: AA not lexicalised independently,Argument index: DIM.12, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(8)VERB: kaaba, Meaning: 'cry', AA: waggulu, Thematic Role: Locative, Category: CN/ADV place, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(9)VERB: buuka Meaning: 'jump' , AA: ebintu, Themantic Role: Locative, Category: CN, Argument Index: Locative; endclitic on the verb Topicalisation: -, Relativisation: +

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(10)VERB: kaaba Meaning: 'cry', AA: nju, Themantic Role: Locative, Category: PP

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(11)VERB: jjuza Meaning: 'fill', Themantic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: Argument is not lexicalized, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: - Applicativized verb is an infinitive, main verb is an imperative. Applicative is an infix.

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(12)VERB:tabuula Meaning: 'look', Themantic Role : Stimulus, AA-Category: Argument is not lexicalized, Argument index: 3SG, animate, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(13)VERB:tabuula Meaning: 'look', AA: omusajja,Themantic Role : Stimuli, AA-Category: NP, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(14)VERB: fi Meaning: 'die', AA: mu leeba , AA-Category: PP, Topicalisation: - Comment: the expression die in labour undergoes locative applicativization.

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(15) VERB:buuka Meaning: 'jump', AA: kantu, Themantic Role : Location, AA-Category: NP LocativeRelative Marker: ko, Topicalisation: - Relativisation:+

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(16)VERB:suula Meaning: 'throw', Themantic Role: Theme, Argument Index: DIM.12., Topicalisation: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(17)VERB:buuka Meaning: 'jump', AA: ebintu, Thematic Role : Location, AA-Category: NP LocativeRelative Marker: ko, Topicalisation: - Relativisation:+

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(18) applicative copula construction

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(19) VERB kola Meaning: 'do', Themantic Role: Beneficiary, AA-category: AA not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 3PL, Topicalization: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(20) VERB: kasuka Meaning: 'throw', Thematic Role: Recipient, AA-category: AA not independently lexicalized,Argument index: 3PL , Relativisation:+

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(21)VERB: tandika Meaning: 'begin', Thematic Role: Event, AA-category: de-verbal noun,

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(22) VERB: gejja, Meaning: 'fatten', Thematic Role: Goal, AA-category: CN, Topicalization: -

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(23) VERB: yuza Meaning: 'tear', AA: olugoye lwange, Thematic Role: Patient, AA-category:CN, Argument index: 1SG, Topicalization: - , Comment: The applicativized argument is of class 11.It is a possessive NP (1.SG).

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(24) VERB: okoza Meaning: 'wash' AA:lubalaza., Thematic Role: Location, AA-category: PP, Comment: the applicative extension is an infix

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(25)VERB: jagua, Meaning: 'celebrate', AA:amazaalibwa, Thematic Role: Patient, AA-category: the AA is not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 6, Topicalisation : +, Relativization: -, Comment: The applicative extension is an infix

 The example contains an annotation error, we deal with a topicalized AA .

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(26)VERB: fuuka, Meaning: 'turn against', Thematic Role: Malficiary, AA-category: the AA is not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 3SG, Topicalisation : +, Relativization: -

  The example contains an annotation error, the argument index mu is not a relative marker.

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(27) VERB: soma, Meaning: 'talk', Thematic Role: Subject matter, AA-category: AA is not independently realized,

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(28)VERB: ŋond, MEANING: 'easier', 'softer', Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-category: AA is not independently realized

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(29)VERB: wa Meaning: 'give'

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

(30)VERB: wa Meaning: 'give'

HTTP Status 500 – Internal Server Error

Type Exception Report

Message Servlet execution threw an exception

Description The server encountered an unexpected condition that prevented it from fulfilling the request.

Exception

javax.servlet.ServletException: Servlet execution threw an exception
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Root Cause

java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class tc2.core.util.HibernateUtil
	tc2.web.servlets.ExportServlet.doPost(ExportServlet.java:56)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:660)
	javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:741)
	org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:53)

Note The full stack trace of the root cause is available in the server logs.

Apache Tomcat/9.0.10

↑ Proper references will be added shortly

[1] Proper references will be added shortly

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+This page has been created by the '''[[User:Typecraft|TypeCraft]]''' Project
+--[[User:Typecraft|Typecraft]] ([[User talk:Typecraft|talk]]) 12:59, 1 May 2016 (CEST)
 The study of Bantu applicatives has a long tradition.
-Here are some references ordered by language
+Here are some references ordered by language<ref>Proper references will be added shortly</ref>:
 :
-*'''Sesotho''' – Morolong & Hyman, 1977; Machobane, 1989; 'Demuth 2003;
+*'''Sesotho''' – Morolong & Hyman, 1977; Machobane, 1989; Demuth, 2003;
 *'''Haya''' – Duranti & Byarushengo, 1977; Hyman & Duranti, 1982;
-*'''Chichewa''' – Marantz, 1984; Baker, 1988; Alsina & Mchombo; 1990;
+*'''Chichewa''' – Marantz, 1984; Baker, 1988; Alsina & Mchombo 1990;
-*'''Kichaga''' – Bresnan & Moshi, 1990; Chishona – Harford, 1993
+*'''Kichaga''' – Bresnan & Moshi, 1990;
-*'''Bemba''' Marten 2011
+*'''Chishona''' – Harford, 1993
+*'''Bemba''' - Marten, 2011
-Of special interest have been the applicatives derived from transitive verbs, so called derived ditransitives.
+Bantu languages differ in whether they allow symmetric or asymmetric applicatives. Luganda belongs to the former class, which means that  both objects behave like core objects: they can become the subject of a passive construction, and they can be expressed as pre-verbal pronominal affixes on the applicativized verb.
-Bantu languages differ in whether they allow symmetric or asymmetric applicatives. Luganda belongs to the former class, and that means that  both objects behave like core objects: they can become the subject of a passive construction, and they can be expresses as pre-verbal pronominal affixes on the applicatived verb.
-In the discussion of applicatives a set of properties  has  been of particular interested, and in the following we will describe five of these properties  using IGT examples from the TypeCraft's public Luganda corpus.
+Two question areas stand central in the linguistic literature on applicativization in Banut: (a) Which arguments can be applicativized, and, under applicativization, is the applied argument independently lexicalized or expressed within the verb, or both? (b) which syntactic verb classes allow applicativization, can for example also ditransitive verbs be applicativized and do all verb classes support applicatives?
-Our Luganda corpus contains at the point of writing (April 2016) 94 sentence where at least one verb is glossed as having an applicative extension.
+In the following we will focus our description of the Luganda applicative on six salient properties, using IGT examples from the TypeCraft's public Luganda corpus. The corpus contains at the point of writing (April 2016) 94 sentences where at least one verb is glossed for having an applicative extension.
 These are the parameters we have considered:
-* '''The thematic role of the applicativized argument (AA)'''
+* '''The thematic role of the applied argument (AA)'''
 * '''The syntactic category of the AA (e.g. PN, N, PP)'''
 * '''Presence of argument indices'''
-*  '''Linearisation Is the objects in ditransitive applicatives'''
+* '''Linearization of the objects in ditransitive applicatives'''
-* ''' Applied object topicalization'''
+* '''Applied object topicalization'''
-*'''Applied object relativized'''
+* '''Applied object relativization'''
-(1) VERB: ''tunuula''  '''Meaning''': 'look', see' , '''Thematic Role''': Stimuli,  '''Argument index''': "ki" is class 7, which gives a pejorative meaning to the applicativized object, '''Topicalization''': -
+(1) VERB: ''tunuula''  '''Meaning''': 'look', see' , '''Thematic Role''': Stimulus,  '''Argument index''': "ki" is class 7, which gives a pejorative meaning to the applicativized object, '''Topicalization''': -
 <Phrase>33450</Phrase>
-(2) VERB: ''leeta'' '''Meaning''': 'bring'',  '''Thematic Role''': Beneficiary,  '''AA-Category''': AA not independently lexicalised , '''Argument index''': + , '''Topicalization''': -
+(2) VERB: ''leeta'' '''Meaning''': 'bring',  '''Thematic Role''': Beneficiary,  '''AA-Category''': AA not independently lexicalised , '''Argument index''': + , '''Topicalization''': -
 <Phrase>17141</Phrase>
-(3)VERB:"nywa",'''Meaning''': 'drink',  '''Themantic Role''': Location, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalized independently, '''Argument index''': Locative endclitic on the verb, ''Topicalisation''': -
+(3)VERB: ''nywa'', '''Meaning''' : 'drink', '''Themantic Role''': Location, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalized independently, '''Argument index''': Locative endclitic on the verb, ''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>33510</Phrase>
-(4) VERB: "kola" '''Meaning''': 'do', '''AA'''':Bebe Cool  '''Thematic Role''': Beneficiary,  '''AA-Category''': Np , '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(4) VERB: ''kola'' '''Meaning''': 'do', '''AA'''':Bebe Cool  '''Thematic Role''': Beneficiary,  '''AA-Category''': Np , '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>33505</Phrase>
-(5)VERB: ''tunuula'' '''Meaning''': 'look', 'see'  '''AA''': ''akazimbe kaganyegenya'' ,  '''Thematic Role''': Stimuli, '''AA_Category''':  CN  '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(5)VERB: ''tunuula'' '''Meaning''': 'look', 'see'  '''AA''': ''akazimbe kaganyegenya'' ,  '''Thematic Role''': Stimulus, '''AA_Category''':  CN  '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>33486</Phrase>
-(6)VERB: ''soma'', '''Meaning''': 'read','''Themantic Role''': Malficiary, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalized independently, '''Argument index''': +, ''Topicalisation''': -  Note: The meaning ''read to me'' is here interpreted as ''talking bad about me'' (might be a slang expression)
+(6)VERB: ''soma'' '''Meaning''':  'read' , '''Themantic Role''': Malficiary, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalized independently, '''Argument index''': +, '''Topicalisation''': -  Note: The meaning ''read to me'' is here interpreted as ''talking bad about me'' (might be a slang expression)
 <Phrase>33452</Phrase>
-(7)VERB:''suula''  '''Meaning''': ''throw'',   '''Thematic Role''': Theme, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalised independently,'''Argument index''': DIM.12, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(7)VERB:''suula''  '''Meaning''': 'throw',   '''Thematic Role''': Theme, '''AA-Category''': AA not lexicalised independently,'''Argument index''': DIM.12, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>31726</Phrase>
-(8)VERB: ''kaaba'', '''Meaning''': ''cry'', '''AA''': ''waggulu'', '''Thematic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': CN/ADV place, '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(8)VERB: ''kaaba'', '''Meaning''': 'cry', '''AA''': ''waggulu'', '''Thematic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': CN/ADV place, '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>31709</Phrase>
-(9)VERB: ''buuka'' '''Meaning''': ''jump'' , '''AA''': ''ebintu'', '''Themantic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': CN, '''Argument Index''': Locative; endclitic on the verb '''Topicalisation''': +, '''Relativisation''': +
+(9)VERB: ''buuka'' '''Meaning''': 'jump' , '''AA''': ''ebintu'', '''Themantic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': CN, '''Argument Index''': Locative; endclitic on the verb '''Topicalisation''': -, '''Relativisation''': +
 <Phrase>31708</Phrase>
-(10)VERB: ''kaaba'' ''cry'' '''AA''': ''nju'', '''Themantic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': PP
+(10)VERB: ''kaaba'' '''Meaning''': 'cry', '''AA''': ''nju'', '''Themantic Role''': Locative, '''Category''': PP
 <Phrase>31705</Phrase>
-(11)VERB:"jjuza" '''Meaning''': 'fill', ''''Themantic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-Category''': Argument is not lexicalised, '''Argument index''': -, ''Topicalisation''': -  Applicativized verb is an infinitive, main verb is an imperative. Applicative is an infix
+(11)VERB: ''jjuza'' '''Meaning''': 'fill', '''Themantic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-Category''': Argument is not lexicalized, '''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -  Applicativized verb is an infinitive, main verb is an imperative. Applicative is an infix.
 <Phrase>16639</Phrase>
-(12)VERB:"tubuula" '''Meaning''': 'look', '''Themantic Role''' : Stimuli, '''AA-Category''': Argument is not lexicalised, '''Argument index''': 3SG, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(12)VERB:''tabuula'' '''Meaning''': 'look', '''Themantic Role''' : Stimulus, '''AA-Category''': Argument is not lexicalized, '''Argument index''': 3SG, animate, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>31733</Phrase>
-(13)VERB:"tubuul" '''Meaning''': 'look',  '''AA''': 'omusajja','''Themantic Role''' : Stimuli, '''AA-Category''': NP '''Argument index''': -, ''Topicalisation''': -
+(13)VERB:''tabuula'' '''Meaning''': 'look',  '''AA''': ''omusajja'','''Themantic Role''' : Stimuli, '''AA-Category''': NP,
+'''Argument index''': -, '''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>31703</Phrase>
-(14)VERB: 'fi' '''Meaning''': 'die', '''AA''': 'mu leeba' , '''AA-Category''': NP, '''Topicalisation''': -
+(14)VERB: ''fi'' '''Meaning''': 'die', '''AA''': ''mu leeba'' , '''AA-Category''': PP, '''Topicalisation''': -
+Comment: the expression ''die in labour'' undergoes locative applicativization.
 <Phrase>35164</Phrase>
-(15) VERB:"buuk" '''Meaning''': 'jump',  '''AA''': 'kantu', '''Themantic Role''' : Location, '''AA-Category''': NP '''Locative/Relative Marker''': 'ko',
+(15) VERB:''buuka'' '''Meaning''': 'jump',  '''AA''': ''kantu'', '''Themantic Role''' : Location, '''AA-Category''': NP '''LocativeRelative Marker''': ''ko'',  '''Topicalisation''': - '''Relativisation''':+
-'''Topicalisation''': - '''Relativisation''':+
 <Phrase>30658</Phrase>
-(16)VERB: ''suul'' '''Meaning''': 'throw', '''Themantic Role''': Theme, '''Argument Index''': DIM.12., ''Topicalisation''': -
+(16)VERB:''suula''  '''Meaning''': 'throw',  '''Themantic Role''': Theme, '''Argument Index''': DIM.12.,
+'''Topicalisation''': -
 <Phrase>30673</Phrase>
-(17)VERB:"buuk" '''Meaning''': 'jump',  '''AA''': 'ebintu', '''Themantic Role''' : Location, '''AA-Category''': NP '''Locative/Relative Marker''': 'ko',
+(17)VERB:''buuka'' '''Meaning''': 'jump',  '''AA''': ''ebintu'', '''Thematic Role''' : Location, '''AA-Category''': NP '''LocativeRelative Marker''': ''ko'',
 '''Topicalisation''': - '''Relativisation''':+
 <Phrase>30663</Phrase>
-(18) COPULA
+(18) applicative copula construction
 <Phrase>24481</Phrase>
-(19) VERB 'kol' '''Meaning: 'do', '''Themantic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-category''': AA not  independently lexicalised, '''Topicalization''': -
+(19) VERB ''kola'' '''Meaning''': 'do', '''Themantic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-category''': AA not  independently lexicalized, '''Argument index''': 3PL, '''Topicalization''': -
 <Phrase>33491</Phrase>
-(20) VERB: 'kasuk' '''Meaning: 'throw', Thematic Role''':Goal,  '''AA-category''': AA not independently  lexicalised, '''Relativisation''':+
+(20) VERB: ''kasuka'' '''Meaning''': 'throw', Thematic Role''': Recipient,  '''AA-category''': AA not independently  lexicalized,'''Argument index''': 3PL , '''Relativisation''':+
 <Phrase>33475</Phrase>
-(21)VERB: 'tandik' '''Meaning''': 'begin',  '''Thematic Role''': Event, '''AA-category: infinite verb,
+(21)VERB: ''tandika'' '''Meaning''': 'begin',  '''Thematic Role''': Event, '''AA-category''': de-verbal noun,
 <Phrase>13987</Phrase>
-(22) VERB: 'gejj', '''Meaning''': 'throw', '''Thematic Role''': Reason, '''AA-category''': N, '''Topicalization''': -
+(22) VERB: ''gejja'', '''Meaning''': 'fatten', '''Thematic Role''': Goal, '''AA-category''': CN, '''Topicalization''': -
 <Phrase>33472</Phrase>
-(23) VERB
+(23) VERB: ''yuza'' '''Meaning''': 'tear', '''AA''':  ''olugoye lwange'', '''Thematic Role''': Patient, '''AA-category''':CN, '''Argument index''': 1SG, '''Topicalization''': - ,
+Comment: The applicativized argument is of class 11.It is a possessive NP (1.SG).
 <Phrase>16640</Phrase>
-(24)
+(24) VERB: '' okoza'' '''Meaning''': 'wash' '''AA''':''lubalaza.'', '''Thematic Role''': Location, '''AA-category''': PP,
+Comment: the applicative extension is an infix
 <Phrase>16644</Phrase>
-(25)
+(25)VERB: ''jagua'', '''Meaning''': 'celebrate', '''AA''':''amazaalibwa'', '''Thematic Role''': Patient, '''AA-category''': the AA is not independently lexicalized,
+'''Argument index''': 6, '''Topicalisation''' : +, '''Relativization''': -, '''Comment''':  The applicative extension is an infix
+  The example contains an annotation error, we deal with a topicalized AA .
 <Phrase>16645</Phrase>
-(26)VERB: ''fuuk'', '''Meaning''': turn
+(26)VERB: ''fuuka'', '''Meaning''': 'turn against', '''Thematic Role''': Malficiary, '''AA-category''': the AA is not independently lexicalized,
+'''Argument index''': 3SG, '''Topicalisation''' : +, '''Relativization''': -
+   The example contains an annotation error, the argument index ''mu'' is not a relative marker.
 <Phrase>33471</Phrase>
-(27) VERB: ''som'', '''Meaning''': talk, '''Themantic Role''': Subject matter, '''AA-category''': AA is not independently realized,
+(27) VERB: ''soma'', '''Meaning''': 'talk', '''Thematic Role''': Subject matter, '''AA-category''': AA is not independently realized,
 <Phrase>31774</Phrase>
-(28)VERB: ''ŋond'', '''MEANING''': 'easier', 'softer', '''Themantic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-category''': AA is not independently realized,
+(28)VERB: ''ŋond'', '''MEANING''': 'easier', 'softer', '''Thematic Role''': Beneficiary, '''AA-category''': AA is not independently realized
 <Phrase>31934</Phrase>
-(29)VERB: ''w'' '''Meaning''': 'give'
+(29)VERB: ''wa'' '''Meaning''': 'give'
 <Phrase>17282</Phrase>
-(30)VERB: ''w'' '''Meaning''': 'give'
+(30)VERB: ''wa'' '''Meaning''': 'give'
 <Phrase>17282</Phrase>
+<references />

Difference between revisions of "Luganda applicatives"

Latest revision as of 15:08, 20 May 2016

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