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Luganda applicatives

This page has been created by the TypeCraft Project

--Typecraft (talk) 12:59, 1 May 2016 (CEST)


The study of Bantu applicatives has a long tradition. Here are some references ordered by language[1]:

  • Sesotho – Morolong & Hyman, 1977; Machobane, 1989; Demuth, 2003;
  • Haya – Duranti & Byarushengo, 1977; Hyman & Duranti, 1982;
  • Chichewa – Marantz, 1984; Baker, 1988; Alsina & Mchombo 1990;
  • Kichaga – Bresnan & Moshi, 1990;
  • Chishona – Harford, 1993
  • Bemba - Marten, 2011


Bantu languages differ in whether they allow symmetric or asymmetric applicatives. Luganda belongs to the former class, which means that both objects behave like core objects: they can become the subject of a passive construction, and they can be expressed as pre-verbal pronominal affixes on the applicativized verb.

Two question areas stand central in the linguistic literature on applicativization in Banut: (a) Which arguments can be applicativized, and, under applicativization, is the applied argument independently lexicalized or expressed within the verb, or both? (b) which syntactic verb classes allow applicativization, can for example also ditransitive verbs be applicativized and do all verb classes support applicatives?

In the following we will focus our description of the Luganda applicative on six salient properties, using IGT examples from the TypeCraft's public Luganda corpus. The corpus contains at the point of writing (April 2016) 94 sentences where at least one verb is glossed for having an applicative extension.

These are the parameters we have considered:

  • The thematic role of the applied argument (AA)
  • The syntactic category of the AA (e.g. PN, N, PP)
  • Presence of argument indices
  • Linearization of the objects in ditransitive applicatives
  • Applied object topicalization
  • Applied object relativization


(1) VERB: tunuula Meaning: 'look', see' , Thematic Role: Stimulus, Argument index: "ki" is class 7, which gives a pejorative meaning to the applicativized object, Topicalization: -

Kale n’okitunuulira, ye mukadde, ye mubi.
“So you look at him/her, s/he is old and at the same time ugly.”
Kale
kale
soPARTCONJ
PRT
n’okitunuulira
neokitunuulira
andCONJ2SGAUG7AGRlook/seeVstemAPPLFV
V
ye
ye
him/her
PN
mukadde
mukadde
1AGRold-person
ADJ
ye
ye
him/her
PN
mubi
mubi
1AGRugly/bad
ADJ


(2) VERB: leeta Meaning: 'bring', Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: AA not independently lexicalised , Argument index: + , Topicalization: -

Mumuleetedde ssente mmeka?
“How much money have you brought for him/her?”
Mumuleetedde
mumuleeterdde
2PLSBJ3PSGOBJbringAPPLPFV
V
ssente
ssente
money
N
mmeka?
mmeka?
9INTR
 


(3)VERB: nywa, Meaning' : 'drink', Themantic Role: Location, AA-Category: AA not lexicalized independently, Argument index: Locative endclitic on the verb, Topicalisation: -

Agavubuka gabadde ganywerawo enjaga.
“The youths have been smoking marijuana from there.”
Agavubuka
agavubuka
IVAUG22AGRyouth
CN
gabadde
gabadde
REL22beFVPFV
COP
ganywerawo
ganywerawo
REL22drinkVstemAPPLFVLOCREL16
V
enjaga
enjaga
IV9AGRmarijuana
CN


(4) VERB: kola Meaning: 'do', AA':Bebe Cool Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: Np , Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

Azze akolera Bebe Cool obubaga.
“She has been organizing parties for Bebe Cool.”
Azze
azze
3SGcomeVstemPFV
V
akolera
akolera
3SGdoVstemREPAPPLFV
V
Bebe
Bebe
name-of-a-person
Np
Cool
Cool
name-of-a-person
Np
obubaga
obubaga
IVDIM14AGRwedding/party
CN


(5)VERB: tunuula Meaning: 'look', 'see' AA: akazimbe kaganyegenya , Thematic Role: Stimulus, AA_Category: CN Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

Tunuulira akazimbe kaganyegenya ke bayita poliisi y’eggwanga eddamba!
“Look at the unfavourable house that they call the police for the whole country!”
Tunuulira
tunuulira
look/seeVstemAPPLFV
V
akazimbe
akazimbe
IVDIM12AGRbuildNMLZ
CN
kaganyegenya
kaganyegenya
DIM12AGRunfavourable
ADJ
ke
ke
whichRELSBJ
PRT
bayita
bayita
3PLcallVstemFV
V
poliisi
poliisi
police
CN
y’eggwanga
y’eggwanga
forGEN9AGRIV5AGRcountry
CN
eddamba
eddamba
IV5AGRwhole
ADJ


(6)VERB: soma Meaning: 'read' , Themantic Role: Malficiary, AA-Category: AA not lexicalized independently, Argument index: +, Topicalisation: - Note: The meaning read to me is here interpreted as talking bad about me (might be a slang expression)

Olaba ne kitabani kya gundi kyansomera luli.
“You see even the other guy’s son talked bad about me the other time.”
Olaba
olaba
2SGseeVstemFV
V
ne
ne
even
PRT
kitabani
kitabani
AUG7AGRson
CN
kya
kya
7AGRGEN
PREP
gundi
gundi
someone
PN
kyansomera
kyansomera
7AGRPAST1SGreadVstemAPPLFV
V
luli
luli
11AGRlast-time
ADVtemp


(7)VERB:suula Meaning: 'throw', Thematic Role: Theme, AA-Category: AA not lexicalised independently,Argument index: DIM.12, Topicalisation: -

Ekasuulira omusajja atudde mu ntebe.
“It throws it to the man who is sitted in the chair.”
Ekasuulira
ekasuulira
SBJ9AGROMDIM12AGRthrowAPPLFV
V
omusajja
omusajja
IV1AGRman
CN
atudde
atudde
3SGsitPFV
V
mu
mu
inLOC18AGR
PREP
ntebe
ntebe
9AGRchair
CN


(8)VERB: kaaba, Meaning: 'cry', AA: waggulu, Thematic Role: Locative, Category: CN/ADV place, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

Akawuka kongera okukaabira waggulu.
“The insect continues crying from up.”
Akawuka
akawuka
IVDIM12AGRinsectANIM
CN
kongera
kongera
DIM12AGRcontinueFV
AUX
 
 
 
 
okukaabira
okukaabira
IVINFcryAPPLFV
V
waggulu
waggulu
above/upLOC
ADVplc


(9)VERB: buuka Meaning: 'jump' , AA: ebintu, Themantic Role: Locative, Category: CN, Argument Index: Locative; endclitic on the verb Topicalisation: -, Relativisation: +

Ebintu by'ebuukirako bigwa.
“The things it jumps on fall down.”
Ebintu
ebintu
IV8AGRthing
CN
by'ebuukirako
by'ebuukirako
8OMSBJ9AGRjumpAPPLFVREL17LOC
V
bigwa
bigwa
8SBJfallFV
V


(10)VERB: kaaba Meaning: 'cry', AA: nju, Themantic Role: Locative, Category: PP

Akawuka kakaabira mu nju.
“The insect cries from the house.”
Akawuka
akawuka
IVDIM12AGRinsect
CN
kakaabira
kakaabira
SBJDIM12AGRcryAPPLFV
V
mu
mu
inLOC18AGR
PREP
nju
nju
9AGRhouse
CN


(11)VERB: jjuza Meaning: 'fill', Themantic Role: Beneficiary, AA-Category: Argument is not lexicalized, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: - Applicativized verb is an infinitive, main verb is an imperative. Applicative is an infix.

Muyambe omujjulize ekidomola ekyo
“Help him to fill up that jerrycan”
Muyambe
muyambe
3SGhelpSBJV
V
omujjulize
omujjuzli e
IV2SGfillINFAPPL SBJV
V
ekidomola
ekidomola
IV7jerrycan
N
ekyo
ekyo
 
PREP


(12)VERB:tabuula Meaning: 'look', Themantic Role : Stimulus, AA-Category: Argument is not lexicalized, Argument index: 3SG, animate, Topicalisation: -

Kkapa emutunuulira n'emutunuulira.
“The cat looks and looks at him/her.”
Kkapa
kkapa
cat
CN
emutunuulira
emutunuulira
SBJ9AGR1OMlookAPPLFV
V
n'emutunuulira
n'emutunuulira
andSBJ9AGR1OMlookAPPLFV
V


(13)VERB:tabuula Meaning: 'look', AA: omusajja,Themantic Role : Stimuli, AA-Category: NP, Argument index: -, Topicalisation: -

Oluvannyuma etunuulira omusajja.
“Afterwards it looks at the man.”
Oluvannyuma
oluvannyuma
afterwards
ADVm
etunuulira
etunuulira
SBJ9AGRlookAPPLFV
V
omusajja
omusajja
IV1AGRman
CN


(14)VERB: fi Meaning: 'die', AA: mu leeba , AA-Category: PP, Topicalisation: - Comment: the expression die in labour undergoes locative applicativization.

Wali owuliddeyo omusajja afiira mu leeba?
“Have you ever heard of a man who dies in labour?”
wali
wali
2SGPASTbe
COP
owuliddeyo
owuliddeyo
2SGhearPFVLOC
V
Omusajja
omusajja
IV1SGman
CN
afiira
afiira
3SGdieAPPLFV
V
mu
mu
inLOC18AGR
PREP
leeba?
leeba
labour
CN


(15) VERB:buuka Meaning: 'jump', AA: kantu, Themantic Role : Location, AA-Category: NP LocativeRelative Marker: ko, Topicalisation: - Relativisation:+

Ebuukabuuka naye nga buli kantu k'egezaako okubuukirako ekakoona ne kagwa wansi.
“It jumps repeatedly but whatever thing it tries to jump from, it knocks it (the thing) and it (the thing) falls down.”
Ebuukabuuka
ebuukabuuka
SBJ9AGRjumpFVjumpREDPFV
V
naye
naye
but
CONJ
nga
nga
whenCONJ
CONJS
buli
buli
everyDEF
DET
kantu
kantu
DIM12AGRthing
CN
k'egezaako
k'egezaako
PARTRELSBJ9AGRtry
V
okubuukirako
okubuukirako
IVINFjumpAPPLFVRELLOC17
V
ekakoona
ekakoona
SBJ9AGRDIM12SGknockFV
V
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
kagwa
kagwa
DIM12AGRfall
V
wansi
wansi
down
ADVplc


(16)VERB:suula Meaning: 'throw', Themantic Role: Theme, Argument Index: DIM.12., Topicalisation: -

Ekwata akawuka n'emimwa gyayo n'ekasuulira omusajja eyali atudde mu ntebe.
“It catches the cat with its mouth and it throws it to the man who was sitting in the chair, and it knocks him while asking him to tell it; "what is this?"”
Ekwata
ekwata
SBJ9AGRcatchFV
V
akawuka
akawuka
IVDIM12AGRinsect
CN
n'emimwa
n'emimwa
andCONJSBJ9AGR4AGRmouth
CN
gyayo
gyayo
forGEN4AGRREL9SBJ
TRUNC
n'ekasuulira
n'ekasuulira
andCONJSBJ9AGRDIM12AGRthrowAPPLFV
V
omusajja
omusajja
IV1AGRman
CN
eyali
eyali
IVREL1OBJREL3SGPASTbe
COP
atudde
atudde
3SGsitPFV
V
mu
mu
inLOC18AGR
PREP
ntebe
ntebe
9AGRchair
CN


(17)VERB:buuka Meaning: 'jump', AA: ebintu, Thematic Role : Location, AA-Category: NP LocativeRelative Marker: ko, Topicalisation: - Relativisation:+

Ebintu by'ebuukirako ne bigwa akawuka ne kongera okukaabira waggulu.
“The things it jumps from fall down and the insect continues crying from above.”
Ebintu
ebintu
IV8AGRthing
CN
by'ebuukirako
by'ebuukirako
REL8SBJ9AGRjumpAPPLFVRELLOC17
V
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
bigwa
bigwa
8AGRfallFV
V
akawuka
akawuka
IVDIM12AGRinsect
CN
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
kongera
kongera
DIM12AGRcontinueFV
V
okukaabira
okukaabira
IVINFcryAPPLFV
V
waggulu
waggulu
above
ADVplc


(18) applicative copula construction

Omulenzi n’omuwala basaana okubeera abayonjo ennyo ddala.
“It is proper for a boy and girl to be so very clean”
Omulenzi
omulenzi
IV1SGboy
N
ne
ne
and
CONJ
omuwala
omuwala
IV1SGgirlFEM
N
basaana
basaana
3PLfit/properFV
V
okubeera
okubeera
IV15INFbeFVAPPLFV
V
abayonjo
abayonjo
 3PLcleaniliness
N
ennyo
ennyo
IVvery
 
ddala
ddala
 
 


(19) VERB kola Meaning: 'do', Themantic Role: Beneficiary, AA-category: AA not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 3PL, Topicalization: -

Buli kasente ke baweereza okubaako kye mubakolera kafuuka k’abo be baaleka emabega.
“Every money that they send for you to do something for them is taken by those whom they left back.”
Buli
buli
every/each
DET
kasente
kasente
DIM12AGRmoney
CN
ke
ke
whichRELSBJ
PRT
baweereza
baweereza
3PLsendVstemFV
V
okubaako
okubaako
 INFbeLOC
COP
kye
kye
whichREL7
PRT
mubakolera
mubakolera
2PL3PLdoVstemAPPLFV
V
kafuuka
kafuuka
DIM12AGRturnVstemFV
V
k’abo
k’abo
forREL12thoseDISTREL2
PRTposs
be
be
REL3PL
PRT
baaleka
baaleka
3PLPASTleaveVstemFV
V
emabega
emabega
IVbehind
ADVplc


(20) VERB: kasuka Meaning: 'throw', Thematic Role: Recipient, AA-category: AA not independently lexicalized,Argument index: 3PL , Relativisation:+

Ani abazaala mmwe embwa ze beebakako ne babakasukira obusente obutawera na ddoola emu?
“Who gives birth to you dogs which they sleep on and they throw to you money which doesn’t even sum up to one dollar?”
Ani
ani
3SGwhoQ
PROint
abazaala
abazaala
3SG3PLgive-birthVstemFV
V
mmwe
mmwe
you
PN
embwa
embwa
IV9AGRdogANIM
CN
ze
ze
RELOBJ
PRT
beebakako
beebakako
3PLsleepVstemFVLOC
V
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
babakasukira
babakasukira
3PL2PLthrowVstemAPPLFV
V
obusente
obusente
IVDIM14AGRmoney
CN
obutawera
obutawera
IV14AGRNEGsum-up-toFV
ADJ
na
na
evenCONJ
CONJS
ddoola
ddoola
dollar
CN
emu?
emu?
one
NUM


(21)VERB: tandika Meaning: 'begin', Thematic Role: Event, AA-category: de-verbal noun,

We natandikira okusoma nga nnina emyaka etaanu
“I was five years old when I went to school”
We
we
when
 
natandikira
natandikira
I1SGPASTbeginAPPLFV
V
okusoma
okusoma
IVINF15readFV
N
nga
nga
when
REL
nnina
nnina
1SGhaveFV
V
emyaka
emyaka
IVyears
N
etaanu
etaanu
IVfive
NUM


(22) VERB: gejja, Meaning: 'fatten', Thematic Role: Goal, AA-category: CN, Topicalization: -

GuGgolola gwagejjera bwereere tegulina maanyi, akasajja akatono kakukuba katya?
“Ggolola fattened for nothing he doesn't have power, how can a tiny man beat you?”
Gu
gu
AUG20AGR
PRT
Ggolola
ggolola
 
Np
gwagejjera
gwagejjera
20AGRPASTfattenVstemAPPLFV
V
bwereere
bwereere
nothing
N
tegulina
tegulina
NEG20AGRhaveVstem
V
maanyi
maanyi
power/energy
CN
akasajja
akasajja
IVDIM12AGRman
CN
akatono
akatono
IVDIM12AGRsmall
ADJ
kakukuba
kakukuba
DIM12AGRREL2SGbeatVstemFV
V
katya?
katya?
DIM12AGRhowQ
ADV


(23) VERB: yuza Meaning: 'tear', AA: olugoye lwange, Thematic Role: Patient, AA-category:CN, Argument index: 1SG, Topicalization: - , Comment: The applicativized argument is of class 11.It is a possessive NP (1.SG).

Ani yanjulizza olugoye lwange?
“Who tore my cloth?”
Ani
ani
3PLwho
PROint
yanjulizza
yanyuzlizza
3SGPAST1SGtearINFAPPLPFVFV
V
olugoye
olugoye
IV11cloth
N
lwange
lwange
11minePOSS
PN


(24) VERB: okoza Meaning: 'wash' AA:lubalaza., Thematic Role: Location, AA-category: PP, Comment: the applicative extension is an infix

Mugende mwoleze ku lubalaza.
“go and wash at the verandar”
Mugende
mugende
2PLgoSBJV
V
mwoleze
mwoleze
 washAPPL SBJV
V
ku
ku
on
PREP
lubalaza
lubalaza
 verandar
N


(25)VERB: jagua, Meaning: 'celebrate', AA:amazaalibwa, Thematic Role: Patient, AA-category: the AA is not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 6, Topicalisation : +, Relativization: -, Comment: The applicative extension is an infix

 The example contains an annotation error, we deal with a topicalized AA .
Amazaalibwa ge bagenda kugajaguliza bweru.
“hi/her birthday will be celebrated from overseas.”
Amazaalibwa
amazaalibwa
IV6birthPASSFV
N
ge
ge
6POSS
REL
bagenda
bagenda
SBJ2PLgoFV
V
kugajaguliza
kugajaguliza
INF6AGRcelebrateAPPL 
V
bweru
bweru
out
 


(26)VERB: fuuka, Meaning: 'turn against', Thematic Role: Malficiary, AA-category: the AA is not independently lexicalized, Argument index: 3SG, Topicalisation : +, Relativization: -

  The example contains an annotation error, the argument index mu is not a relative marker.
Kyokka bwe byatandise akasajja ne kamufuukira ekyambika ne kamukuba n’atya.
“But when they started the man became a problem to him/her and he beat him/her and feared.”
Kyokka
kyokka
but
PRT
bwe
bwe
whenREL
PRT
byatandise
byatandise
8AGRPASTstartVstemIND
V
akasajja
akasajja
IVDIM12AGRman
CN
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
kamufuukira
kamufuukira
DIM12AGRREL3SGturnVstemAPPLFV
V
ekyambika
ekyambika
IVproblem/threat
CN
ne
ne
andCONJ
CONJC
kamukuba
kamukuba
DIM12AGRREL3SGbeatVstemFV
V
n’atya
n’atya
andCONJ3SGfearVstemFV
V


(27) VERB: soma, Meaning: 'talk', Thematic Role: Subject matter, AA-category: AA is not independently realized,

Olaba ne kitabani kya gundi kyansomera luli.
“You see even (also) the other guy’s son talked bad about me the other time.”
Olaba
olaba
2SGseeFV
V
ne
ne
even/also
PRT
kitabani
kitabani
7AGRsonANIMMASC
CN
kya
kya
of/forGEN
PREP
gundi
gundi
someone
CN
kyansomera
kyansomera
7AGRPAST1SGreadAPPLFV
V
luli
luli
the-other-time
ADVtemp


(28)VERB: ŋond, MEANING: 'easier', 'softer', Thematic Role: Beneficiary, AA-category: AA is not independently realized

Nze n’obulamu bwaŋŋondera, okuva lwe nakufuna mukwano dear.
“Me even (also) life became easier for me since I got you dear friend”
Nze
nze
me
PN
n’obulamu
n’obulamu
even/alsoIV14life
CN
bwaŋŋondera
bwaŋŋondera
14AGRPASTrm1SGease/softenAPPLFV
V
okuva
okuva
IVINFsince/fromFV
V
lwe
lwe
CONJ
PRT
nakufuna
nakufuna
1SGPASTrmINFgetFV
V
mukwano
mukwano
1SGfriendANIM
CN
dear
dear
 
ADJ


(29)VERB: wa Meaning: 'give'

mukimumpeelengako
“You will give it to him/her ”
mukimumpeelangako
mukimunweelangako
2PLSBJ7OBJ2pOBJ1POBJ2give APPLFVHAB 
V


(30)VERB: wa Meaning: 'give'

mukimumpeelengako
“You will give it to him/her ”
mukimumpeelangako
mukimunweelangako
2PLSBJ7OBJ2pOBJ1POBJ2give APPLFVHAB 
V


  1. Proper references will be added shortly