Typecraft v2.5
Jump to: navigation, search

Difference between revisions of "SVC in Mandarin Chinese (Li & Thompson 1989)"

 
(10 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 41: Line 41:
 
{| style="color:green; background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="0"
 
{| style="color:green; background-color:#ffffcc;" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="0"
 
|(2)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21480/ 我买票进去。]. <br>
 
|(2)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21480/ 我买票进去。]. <br>
 +
wŏ măi piào  jìn- qù <br>
 
I buy ticket enter-go <br>
 
I buy ticket enter-go <br>
 
I bought a ticket and went in.(i)
 
I bought a ticket and went in.(i)
 
|(3)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21481/ 他/她天天唱歌写信。]. <br>
 
|(3)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21481/ 他/她天天唱歌写信。]. <br>
3sg day-day sing-sing write-letter <br>
+
tā/tā tiān-tiān  chàng- gē  xiĕ- xìn <br>
 +
3sg day-day   sing-sing write-letter <br>
 
Everyday s/he sings songs and writes letters.([i],[iii])
 
Everyday s/he sings songs and writes letters.([i],[iii])
 
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21482/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子。].<br>
 
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21482/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子。].<br>
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
+
hē  diăn  jiŭ  zhuàng-zhuàng        dănzi <br>
 +
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
 
Drink a little wine, and it will give you courage.(i)
 
Drink a little wine, and it will give you courage.(i)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(7)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21483/ 我弟弟开车出事了。]. <br>
 
|(7)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21483/ 我弟弟开车出事了。]. <br>
I younger:brother drive-car exit-affair PFV/CRS <br>
+
wŏ  dìdì      kāi-chē  chū-shì    le <br>
 +
I   younger:brother drive-car exit-affair PFV/CRS <br>
 
My younger brother had an accident while driving.([i],[iv])
 
My younger brother had an accident while driving.([i],[iv])
 
|(8)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21484/ 我住在这跟他们打交道。]. <br>
 
|(8)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21484/ 我住在这跟他们打交道。]. <br>
I live at here with they hit-interaction <br>
+
wŏ  zhù  zài  zhèi  gēn  tāmen  dă-jiāodào <br>
 +
I live at   here with they   hit-interaction <br>
 
I live here and have contact with them.([i],[iv])
 
I live here and have contact with them.([i],[iv])
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21495/ 他/她骑马抽烟。]. <br>
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21495/ 他/她骑马抽烟。]. <br>
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
+
tā  qí  mă  chōu-yān <br>
 +
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
 
S/He rode a horse and smoked.([i],[iii])
 
S/He rode a horse and smoked.([i],[iii])
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(2)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21486/ 我买票进去。]. <br>
 
|(2)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21486/ 我买票进去。]. <br>
 +
wŏ măi piào  jìn- qù <br>
 
I buy ticket enter-go <br>
 
I buy ticket enter-go <br>
 
I bought a ticket to go in.(ii)
 
I bought a ticket to go in.(ii)
 
|(4)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21487/ 他/她上楼睡觉。]. <br>
 
|(4)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21487/ 他/她上楼睡觉。]. <br>
 +
tā  shàng-lóu  shuìj-iào <br>
 
3sg ascend-stairs sleep-sleep <br>
 
3sg ascend-stairs sleep-sleep <br>
 
S/He's going upstairs to sleep.(ii)
 
S/He's going upstairs to sleep.(ii)
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21488/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子。]. <br>
+
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21482/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子。]. <br>
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
+
hē    diăn    jiŭ  zhuàng-zhuàng        dănzi <br>
 +
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
 
Drink a little wine to give yourself courage.(ii)
 
Drink a little wine to give yourself courage.(ii)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(6)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21489/ 我们应该小心不生病。]. <br>
 
|(6)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21489/ 我们应该小心不生病。]. <br>
we should be:careful not produce-sickness <br>
+
wŏmen  yīnggāi  xiăoxīn    bù  shēng-bìng <br>
 +
we   should   be:careful not produce-sickness <br>
 
We should be careful not to get sick.([ii],[iv])
 
We should be careful not to get sick.([ii],[iv])
 
|(8)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21490/ 我住在这跟他们打交道。]. <br>
 
|(8)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21490/ 我住在这跟他们打交道。]. <br>
I live at here with they hit-interaction <br>
+
wŏ  zhù  zài  zhèi  gēn  tāmen  dă-jiāodào <br>
 +
I live at   here with they   hit-interaction <br>
 
I live here in order to have contact with them.(ii)
 
I live here in order to have contact with them.(ii)
 
|(9)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21491/ 我们坐火车去好吧?]. <br>
 
|(9)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21491/ 我们坐火车去好吧?]. <br>
we sit train go good SA <br>
+
wŏmen zuò huŏchē qù  hăo  ba?<br>
 +
we   sit train go good SA <br>
 
Let's go by train, shall we? ([ii],[iv])
 
Let's go by train, shall we? ([ii],[iv])
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21492/ 他/她骑马抽烟]<br>
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21492/ 他/她骑马抽烟]<br>
 +
tā  qí  mă  chōu-yān <br>
 
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
 
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
 
S/He rode a horse in order to smoke.(ii)
 
S/He rode a horse in order to smoke.(ii)
|(11)我们开会考虑那个问题 <br>
+
|(11)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1438/21421/ 我们开会考虑那个问题] <br>
we hold-meeting consider that-CL problem <br>
+
wŏmen  kāi-huì    kăolǜ    nèi-gè  wèntí <br>
 +
we   hold-meeting consider that-CL problem <br>
 
We'll hold a meeting to consider that problem. ([ii],[iv])
 
We'll hold a meeting to consider that problem. ([ii],[iv])
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21485/ 他/她骑马抽烟] <br>
 
|(10)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21485/ 他/她骑马抽烟] <br>
 +
tā  qí  mă  chōu-yān <br>
 
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
 
3sg ride horse extract-smoke <br>
 
s/He rode a horse while smoking.(iv)
 
s/He rode a horse while smoking.(iv)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(12)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21496/ 他走来走去]<br>
 
|(12)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21496/ 他走来走去]<br>
 +
tā  zŏu-lái  zŏu-qù <br>
 
3sg walk-come walk-go <br>
 
3sg walk-come walk-go <br>
 
S/He walked back and forth.(iii)
 
S/He walked back and forth.(iii)
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21497/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子]<br>
+
|(5)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21482/ 喝点酒壮壮胆子]<br>
 +
hē    diăn    jiŭ  zhuàng-zhuàng        dănzi <br>
 
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
 
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder <br>
 
Get some courage by drinking a little wine.(iv)
 
Get some courage by drinking a little wine.(iv)
 
|(13)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21504/ 他们用手吃饭]<br>
 
|(13)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21504/ 他们用手吃饭]<br>
 +
tāmen  yòng  shŏu  chī  fàn <br>
 
they use hand eat-food <br>
 
they use hand eat-food <br>
 
They eat with their hands.(iv)
 
They eat with their hands.(iv)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(14)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21505/ 我一个人晚上出去很害怕] <br>
 
|(14)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21505/ 我一个人晚上出去很害怕] <br>
I one-CL person evening exit-go very scared <br>
+
wŏ  yī-gè  rén  wănshàng  chū-qù  hĕn  hàipà <br>
 +
I one-CL person evening exit-go very scared <br>
 
I'm scared to go out alone at night. (iv)
 
I'm scared to go out alone at night. (iv)
 
|(15)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21506/ 他念书心很专] <br>
 
|(15)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21506/ 他念书心很专] <br>
 +
tā  niàn-shū  xīn  hĕn  zhuān <br>
 
3sg study-book heart very engrossed <br>
 
3sg study-book heart very engrossed <br>
 
When he's studying, he's very engrossed. (iv)
 
When he's studying, he's very engrossed. (iv)
 
|(16)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21507/ 那个老师说话爱转文]<br>
 
|(16)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21507/ 那个老师说话爱转文]<br>
 +
nèigè  lăoshī  shuō-huà  ài  zhuăn-wén <br>
 
that-CL teacher say-word love overuse:literary:words <br>
 
that-CL teacher say-word love overuse:literary:words <br>
 
That teacher loves to flaunt literary words when s/he talks. (iv)
 
That teacher loves to flaunt literary words when s/he talks. (iv)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(18)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21508/ 我要他过来]<br>
 
|(18)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21508/ 我要他过来]<br>
 +
wŏ  yào  tā  guò lái <br>
 
I want 3sg cross-come <br>
 
I want 3sg cross-come <br>
 
I want him/her to comee over here.
 
I want him/her to comee over here.
 
|(19)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21509/ 他否认他做错了] <br>
 
|(19)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21509/ 他否认他做错了] <br>
 +
tā  fŏurèn  tā  zuò  cuò le <br>
 
3sg deny 3sg do-wrong  CRS <br>
 
3sg deny 3sg do-wrong  CRS <br>
 
He denies that he was wrong.
 
He denies that he was wrong.
 
|(20)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21510/ 他情愿他的孩子念书] <br>
 
|(20)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21510/ 他情愿他的孩子念书] <br>
3sg prefer 3sg-GEN child study-book <br>
+
tā  qíngyuàn  tā-de  háizi niàn-shū <br>
 +
3sg prefer 3sg-GEN child study-book <br>
 
He prefers his children to study.
 
He prefers his children to study.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(21)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21511/ 他只装不知道]<br>
 
|(21)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21511/ 他只装不知道]<br>
 +
tā  zhĭ  zhuāng  bù  zhīdào <br>
 
3sg only pretend not know <br>
 
3sg only pretend not know <br>
 
He's only pretending not to know.
 
He's only pretending not to know.
 
|(22)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21512/ 我盼望你快一点毕业] <br>
 
|(22)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21512/ 我盼望你快一点毕业] <br>
I hope you soon a:little graduate <br>
+
wŏ pànwàng  nĭ  kuài yīdiăn  bìyè <br>
 +
I hope   you soon a:little graduate <br>
 
I hope you'll graduate a bit sooner.
 
I hope you'll graduate a bit sooner.
 
|(23)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21513/ 我恐怕你来不及]<br>
 
|(23)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21513/ 我恐怕你来不及]<br>
I fear you can't:make:it:in:time <br>
+
wŏ kŏngpà  nĭ  láibùjí <br>
 +
I fear   you can't:make:it:in:time <br>
 
I'm afraid you can't make it in time.
 
I'm afraid you can't make it in time.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(24)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21514/ 我以为你姓侯] <br>
 
|(24)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21514/ 我以为你姓侯] <br>
 +
wŏ  yĭwéi      nĭ  xìng    Hòu <br>
 
I mistakenly:thought you surname Hou <br>
 
I mistakenly:thought you surname Hou <br>
 
I mistakenly thought your surname was Hou.
 
I mistakenly thought your surname was Hou.
 
|(25)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21515/ 我没想到你住在南京] <br>
 
|(25)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21515/ 我没想到你住在南京] <br>
I not think-arrive you live at Nanjing <br>
+
wŏ méi xiăng-dào    nĭ  zhù  zài nánjīng <br>
 +
I not think-arrive you live at Nanjing <br>
 
I didn't realize you lived in Nanjing.
 
I didn't realize you lived in Nanjing.
 
|(26)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21516/ 我坚持我没犯法]<br>
 
|(26)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21516/ 我坚持我没犯法]<br>
I insist I not violate-law <br>
+
wŏ jiānchí wŏ méi  fàn-fă <br>
 +
I insist I not violate-law <br>
 
I insist that I didn't violate any law.
 
I insist that I didn't violate any law.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(27)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21517/ 我习惯早点吃得非常少]<br>
 
|(27)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21517/ 我习惯早点吃得非常少]<br>
I be:accustomed breakfast eat CSC extremely little <br>
+
wŏ  xíguàn  zăodiăn  chī  de  fēicháng  shăo <br>
 +
I be:accustomed breakfast eat CSC   extremely little <br>
 
I'm used to eating very little for breakfast.
 
I'm used to eating very little for breakfast.
 
|(28)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21518/ 他梦想做英雄] <br>
 
|(28)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21518/ 他梦想做英雄] <br>
3sg dream serve:as hero <br>
+
tā  mèngxiăng  zuò  yīngxióng <br>
 +
3sg dream     serve:as   hero <br>
 
He dreamed that he would be a hero.
 
He dreamed that he would be a hero.
 
|(29)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21519/ 她很讲究穿衣服]<br>
 
|(29)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21519/ 她很讲究穿衣服]<br>
3sg very particular wear clothes <br>
+
tā  hĕn  jiăngjiū  chuān yīfú <br>
 +
3sg very particular wear clothes <br>
 
She's very particular about her clothes.
 
She's very particular about her clothes.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(30)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21520/ 我们禁止抽烟]<br>
 
|(30)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21520/ 我们禁止抽烟]<br>
we prohibit extract-smoke <br>
+
wŏmen  jìnzhĭ  chōu-yān <br>
 +
we   prohibit extract-smoke <br>
 
We prohibit smoking.
 
We prohibit smoking.
 
|(31)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21521/ 我感到很惭愧]<br>
 
|(31)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21521/ 我感到很惭愧]<br>
I feel very embarrassed <br>
+
wŏ găndào  hĕn  cánkuì <br>
 +
I feel   very embarrassed <br>
 
I feel very embarrassed.
 
I feel very embarrassed.
 
|(33a)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21522/ 我觉得你不应该去]<br>
 
|(33a)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21522/ 我觉得你不应该去]<br>
I feel you not should go <br>
+
wŏ  juédé  nĭ  bù  yīnggāi  qù <br>
 +
I   feel   you not should   go <br>
 
I think you shouldn't go.
 
I think you shouldn't go.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|(33b)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21523/ *我感到你不应该去] <br>
 
|(33b)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21523/ *我感到你不应该去] <br>
I feel you not should go  
+
wŏ găndào  nĭ  bù  yīnggāi  qù <br>
 +
I feel   you not should   go <br>
 
|(35)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21524/ 他提议我们都去吃饺子] <br>
 
|(35)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21524/ 他提议我们都去吃饺子] <br>
3sg suggest we all go eat dumplings <br>
+
tā  tíyì  wŏmen dōu  qù chī  jiăozi <br>
 +
3sg suggest we   all   go eat dumplings <br>
 
He suggested that we all go eat dumplings.
 
He suggested that we all go eat dumplings.
 
|(36)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21525/ 他没想到我们都去吃饺子]<br>
 
|(36)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21525/ 他没想到我们都去吃饺子]<br>
3sg not think-arrive we all go eat dumplings <br>
+
tā  méi  xiăng-dào  wŏmen dōu qù  chī  jiăozi <br>
 +
3sg not   think-arrive we   all go   eat dumplings <br>
 
He didn't realize that we'd all gone to eat dumplings.
 
He didn't realize that we'd all gone to eat dumplings.
 
|-
 
|-
<br>
+
|(37)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21526/ 他告诉我说你头疼] <br>
<br>
+
tā  gàosù  wŏ  shuō  nĭ tóu  téng <br>
<br>
+
3sg tell  I  say  you head  ache <br>
<br>
+
He told me that you had a headache.
<br>
+
|(40)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21527/ 他说说他没做功课] <br>
<br>
+
tā  shuō  (*shuō) tā  méi zuò  gōngkè <br>
<br>
+
3sg say *say    3sg  not  do  homework <br>
<br>
+
He said he hadn't done his homework.
<br>
+
|(41)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21528/ 这件事情使/叫/让我很难过] <br>
<br>
+
zhèi-jiàn shìqíng  shĭ/jiào/ràng  wŏ hĕn nánguò <br>
<br>
+
this-CL  matter  cause          I very sad <br>
<br>
+
This matter makes me very sad.
<br>
+
|-
<br>
+
|(44)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21529/ 在这里停车犯法] <br>
<br>
+
zài  zhèilĭ tíng  chē  fàn-fă <br>
<br>
+
at  here  stop vehicle violate-law <br>
<br>
+
It is against the law to park here.
<br>
+
|(45)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21530/ 做中国菜太麻烦了] <br>
<br>
+
zuò  zhōngguó  cài  tài  máfán      le
<br>
+
make China    dish  too troublesome CRS <br>
<br>
+
Chinese cooking is too much trouble.
<br>
+
|(47)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21531/ 你念书很有成就吧?]<br>
<br>
+
nĭ  niàn-shū  hĕn  yŏu-chéngjiù    ba?<br>
 +
you study-book very  exist-accomplishment SA <br>
 +
Your studying is going well, right?
 +
|-
 +
|(49)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21532/ 他不吃西瓜太可惜了]<br>
 +
tā  bù  chī  xīguā    tài kĕxī le <br>
 +
3sg not eat watermelon too sad  CRS <br>
 +
It's too bad s/he doesn't eat watermelon. <br>
 +
|(53a)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21533/ 我们见面很难得] <br>
 +
wŏmen  jiàn-miàn  hĕn nán-dé <br>
 +
we    meet- face very hard- obtain <br>
 +
It is rare that we see each other.<br>
 +
|(53b)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21534/ 我们很难得见面] <br>
 +
wŏmen hĕn    nándé    jiàn-miàn <br>
 +
we    very  hard- obtain meet- face <br>
 +
It's rare that we see each other. <br>
 +
|-
 +
|(57)[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1442/21537/ 他送你东西并不表示他爱你] <br>
 +
tā  sòng  nĭ  dōngxī  bìng        bù  biăoshì tā  ài  nĭ <br>
 +
3sg  give you  thing on:the:contrary not express 3sg love you. <br>
 +
His/Her giving you things does not indicate that s/he loves you.<br>
 +
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[Category:Interlinear Glossed Text from Linguistic Research|S]]

Latest revision as of 12:06, 17 June 2012

SVC in Mandarin Chinese (Li & Thompson 1989)  
Type book
Author(s) Charles N. Li & Sandra A. Thompson
Publication title Mandarin Chinese. A functional reference grammar (1989)
Publisher University of California Press
Pages 594-620
ISBN 0-520-06610-3
Annotator Miaomiao Zhang
Corpus Link SVC in Mandarin Chinese 4
Framework functional reference grammar

General Information

This article belongs to the TC Category Interlinear Glossed Text from Linguistic Research.

In this category we collect TCwiki pages that feature Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) from linguistic publications.

IGT are normally demarcated through indenting, numbering and a space above and under the example. One line of text is followed by one line of glosses and a line with free translation completes the pattern. IGTs from linguistic publications are of particular interest, since they represent a unique alignment of language data and linguistic theory. Example sentences from seminal articles are not rarely quoted in linguistic publications for decades which is another good reason why they need our attention.

In an effort to make IGT more accessible to linguistic research, we try to extract original IGT from linguistic publications and in same cases we provide additional linguistic glosses through a subsequent layer of annotation using the TypeCraft Glosser. In this way we hope to contribute to the re-usability of this data.

On each of the our pages that feature IGT from secondary sources, we also provide a short annotated bibliography, sometimes combined with a list of key-terms which can help to gain a perspective on the research questions raised in the original article. The 'Infobox' may contain further information about the linguistic framework used in the original article, as well as additional classifications of the phenomena treated, whenever that is possible.

Instructions

According to Li & Thompson, SVC can be divided into four groups:

1. Two or more separate events

2. One verb phrase or clause serving as the subject or direct object of another verb

3. Pivotal constructions

4. Descriptive clauses

Among them, the first group is then divided into four sub-categories:

(i) Consecutive

(ii) Purpose

(iii) Alternating

(iv) Circumstance


Original Interlinear Glossed Text

(2)我买票进去。.

wŏ măi piào jìn- qù
I buy ticket enter-go
I bought a ticket and went in.(i)

(3)他/她天天唱歌写信。.

tā/tā tiān-tiān chàng- gē xiĕ- xìn
3sg day-day sing-sing write-letter
Everyday s/he sings songs and writes letters.([i],[iii])

(5)喝点酒壮壮胆子。.

hē diăn jiŭ zhuàng-zhuàng dănzi
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder
Drink a little wine, and it will give you courage.(i)

(7)我弟弟开车出事了。.

wŏ dìdì kāi-chē chū-shì le
I younger:brother drive-car exit-affair PFV/CRS
My younger brother had an accident while driving.([i],[iv])

(8)我住在这跟他们打交道。.

wŏ zhù zài zhèi gēn tāmen dă-jiāodào
I live at here with they hit-interaction
I live here and have contact with them.([i],[iv])

(10)他/她骑马抽烟。.

tā qí mă chōu-yān
3sg ride horse extract-smoke
S/He rode a horse and smoked.([i],[iii])

(2)我买票进去。.

wŏ măi piào jìn- qù
I buy ticket enter-go
I bought a ticket to go in.(ii)

(4)他/她上楼睡觉。.

tā shàng-lóu shuìj-iào
3sg ascend-stairs sleep-sleep
S/He's going upstairs to sleep.(ii)

(5)喝点酒壮壮胆子。.

hē diăn jiŭ zhuàng-zhuàng dănzi
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder
Drink a little wine to give yourself courage.(ii)

(6)我们应该小心不生病。.

wŏmen yīnggāi xiăoxīn bù shēng-bìng
we should be:careful not produce-sickness
We should be careful not to get sick.([ii],[iv])

(8)我住在这跟他们打交道。.

wŏ zhù zài zhèi gēn tāmen dă-jiāodào
I live at here with they hit-interaction
I live here in order to have contact with them.(ii)

(9)我们坐火车去好吧?.

wŏmen zuò huŏchē qù hăo ba?
we sit train go good SA
Let's go by train, shall we? ([ii],[iv])

(10)他/她骑马抽烟

tā qí mă chōu-yān
3sg ride horse extract-smoke
S/He rode a horse in order to smoke.(ii)

(11)我们开会考虑那个问题

wŏmen kāi-huì kăolǜ nèi-gè wèntí
we hold-meeting consider that-CL problem
We'll hold a meeting to consider that problem. ([ii],[iv])

(10)他/她骑马抽烟

tā qí mă chōu-yān
3sg ride horse extract-smoke
s/He rode a horse while smoking.(iv)

(12)他走来走去

tā zŏu-lái zŏu-qù
3sg walk-come walk-go
S/He walked back and forth.(iii)

(5)喝点酒壮壮胆子

hē diăn jiŭ zhuàng-zhuàng dănzi
drink a:little wine strengthen-strengthen gall:bladder
Get some courage by drinking a little wine.(iv)

(13)他们用手吃饭

tāmen yòng shŏu chī fàn
they use hand eat-food
They eat with their hands.(iv)

(14)我一个人晚上出去很害怕

wŏ yī-gè rén wănshàng chū-qù hĕn hàipà
I one-CL person evening exit-go very scared
I'm scared to go out alone at night. (iv)

(15)他念书心很专

tā niàn-shū xīn hĕn zhuān
3sg study-book heart very engrossed
When he's studying, he's very engrossed. (iv)

(16)那个老师说话爱转文

nèigè lăoshī shuō-huà ài zhuăn-wén
that-CL teacher say-word love overuse:literary:words
That teacher loves to flaunt literary words when s/he talks. (iv)

(18)我要他过来

wŏ yào tā guò lái
I want 3sg cross-come
I want him/her to comee over here.

(19)他否认他做错了

tā fŏurèn tā zuò cuò le
3sg deny 3sg do-wrong CRS
He denies that he was wrong.

(20)他情愿他的孩子念书

tā qíngyuàn tā-de háizi niàn-shū
3sg prefer 3sg-GEN child study-book
He prefers his children to study.

(21)他只装不知道

tā zhĭ zhuāng bù zhīdào
3sg only pretend not know
He's only pretending not to know.

(22)我盼望你快一点毕业

wŏ pànwàng nĭ kuài yīdiăn bìyè
I hope you soon a:little graduate
I hope you'll graduate a bit sooner.

(23)我恐怕你来不及

wŏ kŏngpà nĭ láibùjí
I fear you can't:make:it:in:time
I'm afraid you can't make it in time.

(24)我以为你姓侯

wŏ yĭwéi nĭ xìng Hòu
I mistakenly:thought you surname Hou
I mistakenly thought your surname was Hou.

(25)我没想到你住在南京

wŏ méi xiăng-dào nĭ zhù zài nánjīng
I not think-arrive you live at Nanjing
I didn't realize you lived in Nanjing.

(26)我坚持我没犯法

wŏ jiānchí wŏ méi fàn-fă
I insist I not violate-law
I insist that I didn't violate any law.

(27)我习惯早点吃得非常少

wŏ xíguàn zăodiăn chī de fēicháng shăo
I be:accustomed breakfast eat CSC extremely little
I'm used to eating very little for breakfast.

(28)他梦想做英雄

tā mèngxiăng zuò yīngxióng
3sg dream serve:as hero
He dreamed that he would be a hero.

(29)她很讲究穿衣服

tā hĕn jiăngjiū chuān yīfú
3sg very particular wear clothes
She's very particular about her clothes.

(30)我们禁止抽烟

wŏmen jìnzhĭ chōu-yān
we prohibit extract-smoke
We prohibit smoking.

(31)我感到很惭愧

wŏ găndào hĕn cánkuì
I feel very embarrassed
I feel very embarrassed.

(33a)我觉得你不应该去

wŏ juédé nĭ bù yīnggāi qù
I feel you not should go
I think you shouldn't go.

(33b)*我感到你不应该去

wŏ găndào nĭ bù yīnggāi qù
I feel you not should go

(35)他提议我们都去吃饺子

tā tíyì wŏmen dōu qù chī jiăozi
3sg suggest we all go eat dumplings
He suggested that we all go eat dumplings.

(36)他没想到我们都去吃饺子

tā méi xiăng-dào wŏmen dōu qù chī jiăozi
3sg not think-arrive we all go eat dumplings
He didn't realize that we'd all gone to eat dumplings.

(37)他告诉我说你头疼

tā gàosù wŏ shuō nĭ tóu téng
3sg tell I say you head ache
He told me that you had a headache.

(40)他说说他没做功课

tā shuō (*shuō) tā méi zuò gōngkè
3sg say *say 3sg not do homework
He said he hadn't done his homework.

(41)这件事情使/叫/让我很难过

zhèi-jiàn shìqíng shĭ/jiào/ràng wŏ hĕn nánguò
this-CL matter cause I very sad 
This matter makes me very sad.

(44)在这里停车犯法

zài zhèilĭ tíng chē fàn-fă
at here stop vehicle violate-law
It is against the law to park here.

(45)做中国菜太麻烦了

zuò zhōngguó cài tài máfán le make China dish too troublesome CRS
Chinese cooking is too much trouble.

(47)你念书很有成就吧?

nĭ niàn-shū hĕn yŏu-chéngjiù ba?
you study-book very exist-accomplishment SA
Your studying is going well, right?

(49)他不吃西瓜太可惜了

tā bù chī xīguā tài kĕxī le
3sg not eat watermelon too sad CRS
It's too bad s/he doesn't eat watermelon.

(53a)我们见面很难得

wŏmen jiàn-miàn hĕn nán-dé
we meet- face very hard- obtain
It is rare that we see each other.

(53b)我们很难得见面

wŏmen hĕn nándé jiàn-miàn
we very hard- obtain meet- face
It's rare that we see each other.

(57)他送你东西并不表示他爱你

tā sòng nĭ dōngxī bìng bù biăoshì tā ài nĭ
3sg give you thing on:the:contrary not express 3sg love you.
His/Her giving you things does not indicate that s/he loves you.