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Difference between revisions of "Possessive constructions in Norwegian"

(Constructions using possessive pronouns)
(Related pages)
 
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'''Possessive construction''' here subsumes constructions with possessive pronouns and with NPs with an '''''-s''''' attached at the end (without apostrophe).  
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The notion '''''Possessive construction''''' here subsumes constructions with '''''possessive pronouns''''', and with NPs with an '''''-s''''' attached at the end (without apostrophe). We describe these in turn.
 +
 
 +
 
  
 
===Forms of Possessive pronouns===
 
===Forms of Possessive pronouns===
 
Possessive pronouns come in three patterns:
 
Possessive pronouns come in three patterns:
'''Pattern 1''':  '''''hans''''' ('his'), '''''hennes''''' ('her'), '''''dens''''' ('its', masc and fem.), '''''dets''''' ('its', neut.),
 
'''''dennes''''' ('this one's', masc and fem.), '''''dettes''''' ('that one's', neuter), '''''deres''''' (your', plur., and 'their', plur.)
 
'''Pattern 2''': '''''min''''' ('my'), '''''din''''' ('your'), '''''sin''''' (reflexive 'his', 'her')
 
'''Pattern 3''': '''''vår''''' ('our').
 
  
Pattern 1 uses essentially a personal pronoun plus ''-s''; see [[Personal pronouns in Norwegian]].
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'''Pattern 1''' uses essentially a personal pronoun plus ''-s'' (see [[Personal pronouns in Norwegian]]); these forms have no inflection reflecting  the noun for the item ''possessed'' (as opposed to patterns 2 and 3):
 +
  '''''hans''''' ('his'),
 +
  '''''hennes''''' ('her'),
 +
  '''''dens''''' ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
 +
  '''''dets''''' ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
 +
  '''''dennes''''' ('this one's'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
 +
  '''''dettes''''' ('that one's'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender,
 +
  '''''deres''''' (your', plural), when the possessor is second person (the ones talked to),
 +
        OR
 +
        ('their', plural), when the possessor is third person (what is talked about).
  
Pattern 2 inflects as follows':
 
  
with a masculine singular noun:  '''''min''''''''''din''''', '''''sin'''''
+
'''Pattern 2''' is constituted by
with a feminine singular noun: '''''mi''''', '''''di''''''''''si'''''
+
  '''''min''''' ('my'), when the possessor is first person singular,
with a neuter singular noun: '''''mitt''''', '''''ditt''''', '''''sitt'''''
+
  '''''din''''' ('your') when the possessor is second person singular,
with a plural noun, any gender: '''''mine''''', '''''dine''''', '''''sine'''''
+
  '''''sin''''' (reflexive 'his', 'her') when the possessor is third person singular,  
  
 +
and these forms inflect as follows reflecting  the noun for the item '''''possessed''''':
 +
when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun:  '''''min''''',  '''''din''''',  '''''sin'''''
 +
when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: '''''mi''''',  '''''di''''',  '''''si'''''
 +
when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: '''''mitt''''', '''''ditt''''', '''''sitt'''''
 +
when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: '''''mine''''', '''''dine''''', '''''sine'''''
  
Pattern 3, i.e., '''''vår''''', has the pattern:
 
  
  with a masculine singular noun:  '''''vår'''''
+
'''Pattern 3''' has one item, '''''vår''''' ('our'), for first person plural, which has the pattern:
  with a feminine singular noun: '''''vår'''''
+
.
  with a neuter singular noun: '''''vårt'''''
+
  when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun:  '''''vår'''''
  with a plural noun, any gender: '''''våre'''''
+
  when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: '''''vår'''''
 +
  when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: '''''vårt'''''
 +
  when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: '''''våre'''''
  
 
===Constructions using possessive pronouns===
 
===Constructions using possessive pronouns===
TO BE WRITTEN
 
  
  
 
'''''1. 'Possessive pronouns occurring before the noun'''
 
'''''1. 'Possessive pronouns occurring before the noun'''
 
'''
 
'''
Possessive pronouns occupy the position otherwise held by the definite article, and they may be said to induce a definiteness effect in that they require the ''weak'' form of the adjective. Contrary to the definite article, however, the ensuing noun has to be in ''indefinite'' form:
 
  
 +
Possessive pronouns occupy the position otherwise held by the definite article, and they may be said to induce a definiteness effect in that they require the ''weak'' form of the adjective. Contrary to the definite article, however, the ensuing noun has to be in ''indefinite'' form.
 +
 +
In the display below (here '''PNposs''' stands for the word class 'possessive pronoun', which '''''mine''''' belongs to), note that when the first example includes
 +
min e
 +
1sg PL
 +
PNposs
 +
where 'sg' means 'singular' and 'PL' means 'plural', this is no contradiction: the non-colored '1sg' expresses that the item referred to is the speaker, and a single person, whereas 'PL' in blue-colored script means that ''mine'' stands in an agreement relation to a plural noun:
 
<Phrase>422005</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422005</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422008</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422008</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422011</Phrase>
 
<Phrase>422011</Phrase>
  
 +
In general, the 'blue' items reflect properties of grammatical form, and the 'green' items are word classes ('parts of speech' - ''POS''), whereas the non-colored parts expose ''meaning'' and the spelled form. When in the description of the word '''''min''''' in the last example, meaning and blue stand together as follows,
 +
1sgSG
 +
that is because the form ''min'' is not split in two parts (''morphs'') where one gives the meaning '1sg' and the other the grammatical form 'singular' - here the form ''min'' counts by itself as an expression both of the meaning 'speaker, singular' and of the grammatical property 'singular', and in such a case the two symbols stand without space between them.
 +
 +
The same principle applies in the annotation of the noun '''''griser'''''
 +
griser
 +
gris er
 +
pig PL.MASC.INDEF
 +
N
 +
 +
where in this case the inflection morph '''''er''''' contains all of the information ''plural'', ''masculine'' and ''indefinite'', symbolised by the blue expressions '''PL''', '''MASC''', and '''INDEF''', separated only by a dot (which may not be visible).
 +
 +
 +
 +
''''2. 'Possessive pronouns occurring after the noun'''''
  
'''''2. 'Possessive pronouns occurring after the noun'''
 
'''
 
 
For possessive pronouns, another position of occurrence is immediately ''after'' the noun, which then has to be in definite form:
 
For possessive pronouns, another position of occurrence is immediately ''after'' the noun, which then has to be in definite form:
  
<Phrase>422011</Phrase>
+
<Phrase>422015</Phrase>
 +
<Phrase>422016</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''''3. Possessive pronoun occurring behind a possessor NP, and before the noun'''''
 +
 
 +
This construction is illustrated below: a full NP comes first, then the third person reflexive possessive pronoun, and then the 'possessed' noun.
 +
 
 +
<Phrase>422017</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
===Possessive NPs with '''''-s''''' or with a preposition===
 +
 
 +
The first example shows a proper name with the -s attached, preceding the 'possessed' noun. Notice that there is no apostrophe between the proper name and the -s:
 +
<Phrase>422018</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
The next example shows the same pattern, but now with a whole noun phrase preceding the -s; the -s simply attaches to the last word of the noun phrase, no matter what it happens to be:
 +
<Phrase>422019</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
The following example shows that once one is using this pattern, an adjective between the possessive NP and the possessed noun must be in definite form, whereas the possessed noun has no definite article attached; this is like in the first pattern with possessive pronouns:
 +
<Phrase>422020</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
The last example illustrates a pattern where the possessive noun phrase follows a preposition, this prepositional phrase following the 'possessed' noun. If an article and adjective is used, they must be in definite form.
 +
<Phrase>422021</Phrase>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Related pages===
 +
[[The Noun Phrase - Norwegian]]
 +
 
 +
[[Agreement in Norwegian noun phrases]]
 +
 
 +
[[Definite determiners in Norwegian]]
  
grisen min
+
[[Gender in Norwegian nouns]]
  
*gris min
+
[[Coordination marking in Norwegian]]
  
den lille grisen min
+
[[Sentence syntax - Norwegian]]
  
de tre grisene mine
+
[[Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian]]
  
*den lille gris min
+
[[Sentence adverbials in Norwegian]]
  
*lille grisen min
+
[[Verb Complementation - Norwegian]]
  
*tre grisene mine
+
[[Infinitives in Norwegian]]
  
 +
[[Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian]]
  
The last two examples show that also for this use of definite nouns, the requirements III and V above imposed by preceding weak adjectives and numerals hold.
+
[[Personal pronouns in Norwegian]]
  
 +
[[Reflexives - Norwegian]]
  
'''''3. Possessive pronoun occurring before the noun, together with a possessor NP'''
+
[[Reflexive verbs in Norwegian]]
''
+
  
===Possessive NPs with '''''-s'''''===
+
[[Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian]]
  
TO BE WRITTEN
 
  
den rike bondens (tre) (små) griser
 
  
den rike bondens (lille) gris
+
--[[User:Lars Hellan|Lars Hellan]] ([[User talk:Lars Hellan|talk]]) 21:04, 27 December 2015 (CET)
  
*den rike bondens (tre) (små) grisene
+
[[Category:Norwegian Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 19:32, 23 April 2016

This page relates to the application A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer, see A Norwegian Grammar Sparrer.

On clicking on the icon below, you will come to the Sparrer:

Troll1.jpeg,

Instructions for its use are found at Classroom:Norwegian Grammar Checking


The notion Possessive construction here subsumes constructions with possessive pronouns, and with NPs with an -s attached at the end (without apostrophe). We describe these in turn.


Forms of Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns come in three patterns:

Pattern 1 uses essentially a personal pronoun plus -s (see Personal pronouns in Norwegian); these forms have no inflection reflecting the noun for the item possessed (as opposed to patterns 2 and 3):

 hans ('his'),
 hennes ('her'), 
 dens ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender, 
 dets ('its'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender, 
 dennes ('this one's'), when the noun for the possessor is masculine or feminine gender,
 dettes ('that one's'), when the noun for the possessor is neuter gender, 
 deres (your', plural), when the possessor is second person (the ones talked to), 
       OR
        ('their', plural), when the possessor is third person (what is talked about).


Pattern 2 is constituted by

 min ('my'), when the possessor is first person singular,
 din ('your') when the possessor is second person singular,
 sin (reflexive 'his', 'her') when the possessor is third person singular, 

and these forms inflect as follows reflecting the noun for the item possessed:

when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun:  min,  din,  sin
when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: mi,  di,  si
when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: mitt, ditt, sitt
when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: mine, dine, sine


Pattern 3 has one item, vår ('our'), for first person plural, which has the pattern: .

when the noun for the item possessed is a masculine singular noun:  vår
when the noun for the item possessed is a feminine singular noun: vår
when the noun for the item possessed is a neuter singular noun: vårt
when the noun for the item possessed is a plural noun, any gender: våre

Constructions using possessive pronouns

1. 'Possessive pronouns occurring before the noun

Possessive pronouns occupy the position otherwise held by the definite article, and they may be said to induce a definiteness effect in that they require the weak form of the adjective. Contrary to the definite article, however, the ensuing noun has to be in indefinite form.

In the display below (here PNposs stands for the word class 'possessive pronoun', which mine belongs to), note that when the first example includes

min	e
1sg	PL
PNposs

where 'sg' means 'singular' and 'PL' means 'plural', this is no contradiction: the non-colored '1sg' expresses that the item referred to is the speaker, and a single person, whereas 'PL' in blue-colored script means that mine stands in an agreement relation to a plural noun:

mine griser
mine
mine
1sgPL
PNposs
griser
griser
pigPLMASCINDEF
N
mine tre små griser
mine
mine
1sgPL
PNposs
tre
tre
three
NUM
små
små
smallPL
ADJ
griser
griser
pigPLMASCINDEF
N
min glade gris
min
min
1sgSG
PNposs
glade
glade
gladDEF
ADJ
gris
gris
pig
N


In general, the 'blue' items reflect properties of grammatical form, and the 'green' items are word classes ('parts of speech' - POS), whereas the non-colored parts expose meaning and the spelled form. When in the description of the word min in the last example, meaning and blue stand together as follows,

1sgSG

that is because the form min is not split in two parts (morphs) where one gives the meaning '1sg' and the other the grammatical form 'singular' - here the form min counts by itself as an expression both of the meaning 'speaker, singular' and of the grammatical property 'singular', and in such a case the two symbols stand without space between them.

The same principle applies in the annotation of the noun griser

griser
gris	er
pig	PL.MASC.INDEF
N

where in this case the inflection morph er contains all of the information plural, masculine and indefinite, symbolised by the blue expressions PL, MASC, and INDEF, separated only by a dot (which may not be visible).


'2. 'Possessive pronouns occurring after the noun

For possessive pronouns, another position of occurrence is immediately after the noun, which then has to be in definite form:

grisen min
grisen
grisen
pigDEFMASCSG
N
min
min
1sgSG
PNposs
den glade grisen min
den
den
DEFMASCSG
DET
glade
glade
gladDEF
ADJ
grisen
grisen
pigDEFMASCSG
N
min
min
1sgSG
PNposs


3. Possessive pronoun occurring behind a possessor NP, and before the noun

This construction is illustrated below: a full NP comes first, then the third person reflexive possessive pronoun, and then the 'possessed' noun.

Ola sin gris
Ola
ola
Ola
Np
sin
sin
hisREFLSGMASC
TRUNC
gris
gris
pig
N


Possessive NPs with -s or with a preposition

The first example shows a proper name with the -s attached, preceding the 'possessed' noun. Notice that there is no apostrophe between the proper name and the -s:

Olas gris
Olas
olas
 POSS
Np
gris
gris
pig
N


The next example shows the same pattern, but now with a whole noun phrase preceding the -s; the -s simply attaches to the last word of the noun phrase, no matter what it happens to be:

den fattige bondens gris
den
den
DEFMASCSG
DET
fattige
fattige
poorDEF
ADJ
bondens
bondens
farmerDEFMASCSGPOSS
N
gris
gris
pig
N


The following example shows that once one is using this pattern, an adjective between the possessive NP and the possessed noun must be in definite form, whereas the possessed noun has no definite article attached; this is like in the first pattern with possessive pronouns:

Olas glade gris
Olas
olas
 POSS
Np
glade
glade
gladDEF
ADJ
gris
gris
pig
N


The last example illustrates a pattern where the possessive noun phrase follows a preposition, this prepositional phrase following the 'possessed' noun. If an article and adjective is used, they must be in definite form.

Den glade grisen til Ola
den
den
DEFMASCSG
DET
glade
glade
gladDEF
ADJ
grisen
grisen
pigDEFMASCSG
N
til
til
POSS
PREP
Ola
ola
Ola
Np



Related pages

The Noun Phrase - Norwegian

Agreement in Norwegian noun phrases

Definite determiners in Norwegian

Gender in Norwegian nouns

Coordination marking in Norwegian

Sentence syntax - Norwegian

Subject-Verb Inversion in Norwegian

Sentence adverbials in Norwegian

Verb Complementation - Norwegian

Infinitives in Norwegian

Past and Perfective patterns in Norwegian

Personal pronouns in Norwegian

Reflexives - Norwegian

Reflexive verbs in Norwegian

Verb - Preposition expressions in Norwegian


--Lars Hellan (talk) 21:04, 27 December 2015 (CET)