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Classroom:LING2208 - Annotating Ga

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Agreement

Eyɔse efufeemɔ feesɛɛ kɛkɛni eyimli ni emli ewola ni erɛɛehoehe, shi ekolɛ ni ehiɛ etɛŋ fe tsutsu.
“He later realized his folly and he left angry and sad, but perhaps a little wiser than before.”
Eyɔse
eyɔse
3SGrealizePAST
V
efufeemɔ
efufeemɔ
POSSfoolishness
N
feesɛɛ
feesɛɛ
later
ADV
kɛkɛni
kɛkɛni
 
CONJC
eyimli
eyimli
3SGwent_away
V
ni
ni
FOC
PRT
emli
emli
POSSinside
N
ewola
ewola
angry
ADJ
ni
ni
FOC
PRT
erɛɛehoehe
erɛɛehoehe
sorrowful
ADJ
shi
shi
 
CONJC
ekolɛ
ekolɛ
perhaps
ADV
ni
ni
FOC
PRT
ehiɛ
ehiɛ
POSSface
N
etɛŋ
etɛŋ
wise
ADJ
fe
fe
CMPR
PRT
tsutsu
tsutsu
before
ADV


Within the domain of the construction above, i.e. the sentence, there is an agreement relationship with recourse to the features NUMBER (specifically, singular) and PERSON (3rd). Specifically, the controller (here, a pronominal ‘e’ - he) which has been integrated into the verb (‘eyɔse’ – he realized) determines the NUMBER and PERSON of the remaining pronouns (highlighted). Hence, since the controller is singular in NUMBER and 3rd in PERSON, the same values are adopted or taken on by the remaining pronouns or controlees/targets.

Clause Linkage

Ena loohɔlɔ ko shwapo kɛkɛni ebote mli oya kɛkɛni eyaju wu fɛɛfɛo dɔkɔdɔkɔ agbo ko ni ka shɛɛfi lɛ nɔ.
“He saw a butcher's shop and (he) went quickly in and (he) stole a nice fat juicy bone from the shelf.”
Ena
ena
3SGsee
V
loohɔlɔ
loohɔlɔ
butcher
N
ko
ko
INDEF
DET
shwapo
shwapo
shop
N
kɛkɛni
kɛkɛni
 
CONJC
ebote
ebote
3SGenterPAST
V
mli
mli
inside
Nrel
oya
oya
quickly
ADV
kɛkɛni
kɛkɛni
 
CONJC
eyaju
eyaju
3SGPASTsteal
V
wu
wu
bone
N
fɛɛfɛo
fɛɛfɛo
nice
ADJ
dɔkɔdɔkɔ
dɔkɔdɔkɔ
sweet
ADJ
agbo
agbo
big
ADJ
ko
ko
INDEF
DET
ni
ni
FOC
PRT
ka
ka
layPAST
V
shɛɛfi
shɛɛfi
shelf
N
FOC
PRT
surfaceLOC
N


He saw a butcher's shop and (he) went quickly in and (he) stole a nice fat juicy bone from the shelf.

The clause linkage above is indicative of parataxis, i.e. structural equality. Evidently, it is discernible that there are three independent clauses which have been conjoined by a coordinating conjunction "kɛkɛni". Hence, there is neither a form of integration or embedding nor reduction or downgrading. Further, it is perceptible that the clause linkage is one of explicit linking since the connective device (here "kɛkɛni")is present, hence syndesis or syndetic coordination.