https://typecraft.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Franciane+Rocha&feedformat=atomTypeCraft - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T23:49:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.24.2https://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12048Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-16T18:47:22Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese */</p>
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<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
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<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
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We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
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The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
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This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
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'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
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=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
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<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
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<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
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<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
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[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
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=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
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The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
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|FORM<br />
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|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
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|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
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|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
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|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
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In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
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<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
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==Simple future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
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By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
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The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
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==Present Future==<br />
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<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
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==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
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By clicking the link at the caption of the figure on the side, you will be redirected to a Youtube video of a song in Brazilian Portuguese, that counts with English translation, and contains several occurrence of Periphrastic IR-future.<br />
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==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
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<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
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==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
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Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
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==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
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The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
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In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
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==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
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The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
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<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
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The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors (Murphy, 2007 and Guimarães, 2010) explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
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There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
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[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
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Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
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:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
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'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
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:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
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<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list:_%22Gerundismo%22_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
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The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
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This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
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[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
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Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
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Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
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[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
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This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22 ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
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This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
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<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
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A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
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[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12047References - Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-16T18:46:02Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
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<div>*[http://www.tabuleirodeletras.uneb.br/secun/numero_03/pdf/no03_artigo08.pdf/ '''Oliveira, JM.''' A variação do futuro verbal em português: teste de percepção/atitude na cidade de Feira de Santana BA; 2011]<br />
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*'''Cintra MR.''' "A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística". Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. <br />
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*'''Malvar E.''' "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA), 2003.<br />
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*[http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/sociolinguistics/shanapoplack/francais/pubs/articles/PoplackMalvar2007.pdf/ '''Poplack, S. and Malvar, E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change: The expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
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*'''Santos A.''' "O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação". Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília, 1997.<br />
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*'''Silva A.''' "A expressão de futuridade no português falado". Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2002.<br />
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*'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa" (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA), 2003 <br />
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*'''MATEUS MHM.''' et al. "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa", 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho. 2004<br />
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*'''Oliveira JM.''' "O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança". (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras, 2006.<br />
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*[http://www.abralin.org/revista/RVE1/v8.pdf/ '''Oliveira JM.''' A EXPRESSÃO VARIÁVEL DO FUTURO VERBAL NA ESCRITA: BRASIL E PORTUGAL EM CONFRONTO; 2009]<br />
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*[http://www.ufjf.br/revistaveredas/files/2009/12/cap091.pdf/ '''Gryner H.''' Emergência do futuro perifrástico no português carioca: o princípio da marcação; 2006]<br />
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*[http://publicacoes.unigranrio.com.br/index.php/reihm/article/viewFile/60/64/ '''Barbosa JB''' A expressão do futuro no português brasileiro contemporâneo; 2007]<br />
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*[http://books.google.com.br/books?id=HmCFK8G3D1cC&pg=PA109&dq=%22OCLC4073%22&as_brr=3&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22OCLC4073%22&f=false/ '''Thomas EW.''' The syntax of spoken Brazilian Portuguese; 2000]<br />
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*[http://www.linguistica.ufes.br/sites/www.linguistica.ufes.br/files/Marcelatotal.pdf/ '''Bragança, MLL.''' A gramaticalização do verbo ir e a variação de formas para expressar o futuro do presente: uma fotografia Capixaba; 2008]</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Reference_list:_%22Gerundismo%22_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12046Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-16T18:42:07Z<p>Franciane Rocha: Created page with 'http://www.unimep.br/phpg/mostraacademica/anais/4mostra/pdfs/225.pdf '''Fernandes LC.''' Gerundismo e o Preconceito Lingüístico; 2007 [[http://www.prohpor.ufba.br/monoraf…'</p>
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<div>[[http://www.unimep.br/phpg/mostraacademica/anais/4mostra/pdfs/225.pdf '''Fernandes LC.''' Gerundismo e o Preconceito Lingüístico; 2007]]<br />
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[[http://www.prohpor.ufba.br/monorafa.pdf '''Serafim RL.''' DO GERÚNDIO AO GERUNDISMO: MUDANÇA E PRECONCEITO <br />
LINGÜÍSTICO; 2008 ]]<br />
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[[http://repositorio.bce.unb.br/bitstream/10482/3406/1/2008_PatriciaTavaresASantos_orig_completo.pdf '''Santos MPA.''' Só um instante que eu vou tá verificando se o livro tá disponível na editora: Gerundismo, preconceito e a expansão da mudança; 2008 ]]<br />
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CAMARGO, TN de. Uma hipótese sobre o gerundismo. Folha Online; 2007 <http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/colunas/noutraspalavras/ult2675u15.Shtml ><br />
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CAMPOS, OAS. O gerúndio no português: estudo históricodescritivo. Brasilia: INL, Rio de Janeiro: Presence; 1980. <br />
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[[http://www.prohpor.ufba.br/Gerundindo.pdf '''Filho AVLM.''' Jornal NúmeroG, Ano I, Número 1, maio/junho; 2005.]]<br />
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COHEN, D. A invasão dos gerúndios assassinos. Você s.a., São Paulo, n. 27, p.106, set. 2000.<br />
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COUTINHO, L. Todo mundo fala assim. Veja, São Paulo, n. 29, p. 70-71, jul. 2001. <br />
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COUTINHO, R. Gerundismo. Disponível em: <http://www2.correioweb.com.br/cw/EDICAO_20020522/col_dad_220502.htm>; 2004.<br />
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PIACENTINI, M. T. Gerundismo e endorréia. <http://www.lainsignia.org.2002/diciembre/cul_023.htm>;2003.<br />
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SILVA, A. Gerundismo.<http://www.melfinet.com.br/m2/sem/inc/ant/03/39.htm>; 2004.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22&diff=12045"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese"2012-08-16T18:07:35Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox book<br />
| name = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
|caption = <br />
|type= Master's Thesis<br />
|author= [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]]<br />
|editor=<br />
|pub_title= <br />
|journal=<br />
|publisher=[http://www.ntnu.no/ NTNU]<br />
|pub_date=<br />
|pages= <br />
|volume=<br />
|country= Norway<br />
|isbn=<br />
|oclc=<br />
|dewey=<br />
|congress=<br />
|annotator= [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]]<br />
|corpus= [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ Future Present Progressive In Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
|language= English<br />
|series=<br />
|subject=<br />
|genre=<br />
|media_type=<br />
|preceded_by=<br />
|followed_by=<br />
}}<br />
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==Master's Thesis Synopsis==<br />
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'''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]'''<br />
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Edited by: '''[[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]]''' <br />
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The Future Present Progressive (FPP), a construction that features a verbal complex (Aux. ''pres'' + V. ''prog'')in the Present Progressive + a temporal adverb that introduces the Future Tense, is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]]. <br />
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<Phrase>28439</Phrase> [[File:NoVerb.jpeg|thumb|130px|right]]<br />
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Based on Garcia (2010) <ref>Garcia A. S. . Verbos incompatíveis com o progressivo no inglês. SOLETRAS (UERJ), v. 20, p. 146-164, 2010.</ref> and Cintra (2008) <ref> Cintra MR. A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. </ref> we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Following Murray and Copley (2002) <ref> http://copley.free.fr/copley.futurates.pdf </ref>, we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. <br />
<br />
In my thesis I show the productivity of the FPP in Brazilian Portuguese. Interesting is that Brazilian Portuguese allows the use of the Present Progressive with some verbs and completely forbids it with others in spite of the fact that it allows the use of the Present Progressive for all verb classes when referring to present events : <br />
<br />
<br />
:(1) Estamos nos mudando em duas semanas. ''(We are moving in two weeks.)''<br />
<br />
:(2) *Ele está percebendo a verdade amanhã cedo. ''(*He is realizing the true tomorrow morning.)''<br />
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[[File:Fit.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]]<br />
<br />
My thesis focuses on the aspectual properties of the construction and the semantic relation between the grammatical and lexical aspect. To quote Tani (2004: 2) <ref> http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/~colloq/articles/backnumb/Col_25_tani.pdf </ref> “when a certain type of verb does not appear in a certain grammatical environment, the reason must lie in the relationship between the two aspects”. A similar observation was already made by Lyons (1977) <ref> J. Lyons (1977). Semantics. Volumes I and II. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</ref>. <br />
<br />
<br />
As a first generalization one can probably say that the aspect of the main predicate and the grammatical aspect of the syntactic structure must be compatible. To check compatibility patterns for FPP constructions in Brazilian Portuguese, we will depart from the Vendler’s (1967)<ref> Vendler Z. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.</ref> classification of verbs. According to this categorization, verbs are classified into four semantic categories namely: achievements, activities, accomplishments and states. However, while Vendler’s classification might work well for English this is not necessarily the case for BP. While for English only two aktionsarten can be construed with the progressive (Vendler, 1967) <ref> Vendler Z. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967.</ref>, that is, accomplishments and activities, for Portuguese all four aktionsarten are grammatically correct (Bastos, 2004)<ref> Bastos ACP. Progressive constructions in Brazilian Portuguese and English. Revista Letras, Curitiba, n. 63. Editora UFPR. 2004: p. 11-27, maio/ago.</ref>. So, departing from these observations, we will try to unveil the constraints and particularities of Future Present Progressive expressions in naturally occurring data from Brazilian Portuguese.<br />
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'''<br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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<br />
'''A complete reference list of this thesis can be found at:'''<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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<br />
Contact: franrocha.fsaATgmail.com</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Brazilian_Portuguese_(BP)&diff=12044Brazilian Portuguese (BP)2012-08-16T18:03:05Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Brazilian Portuguese information on large speech and text corpora */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|name = Brazilian Portuguese<br />
|nativename = ''' Português Brasileiro [portuˈɡe(j)s]'''<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|states = [[Brazil]]<br />
|region = [[South America]]<br />
|speakers = 190 million (2010 census) <br />
|fam2 = [[Italic]]<br />
|fam3 = [[Romance]]<br />
|script = [[Latin]]<br />
|nation = Brazil<br />
|iso1=639-1:pt-BR<br />
|iso2=<br />
|iso3=639-3:por<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==The Brazilian national anthem:==<br />
<br />
<flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3><br />
<br />
[http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]<br />
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==TC material on BP:==<br />
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Brazilian Portuguese is represented with several articles on the TC-wiki:<br />
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* [["Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese"]]<br />
* [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese "Future in Brazilian Portuguese"]<br />
*[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon Text :O gato de Simon]<br />
* [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/ Corpus: O gato de Simon]<br />
*[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)]<br />
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<br />
[[File:Map_Brazil.jpg|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
==TC Brazilian Portuguese data:==<br />
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:[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Future in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
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:[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese.]<br />
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:[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/ O gato de Simon]<br />
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:[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1249/ Tense in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
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:[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1912/ Um índio]<br />
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<br />
== Brazilian Portuguese information on large speech and text corpora==<br />
<br />
:[http://www.inesc-id.pt/pt/indicadores/Ficheiros/5153.pdf Portuguese Corpora Compilation by Microsoft]<br />
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:[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1758782/ A large speech database for Brazilian Portuguese spoken language research 2003]<br />
<br />
:[http://cict.inatel.br/cict/Acervo%20Publico/ArtigosCientificosInatel/Artigos_2008/Carlos%20Alberto%20Ynoguti/A%20brazilian%20portuguese%20speech%20database.pdf A Brazilian Portuguese Speech Database 2008]<br />
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[[File:Coruja.jpeg|thumb|120px|right|]]<br />
<br />
==Brazilian Portuguese FOR FUN!!! :D==<br />
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<br />
:[http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/a-few-favorite-brazilian-portuguese-expressions.html/ BP Dummies :)] <br />
<br />
:[http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/portuguese-for-dummies-cheat-sheet.html/ Cheat sheet for learners ]<br />
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:[http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=30/ BP Basics]<br />
<br />
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[[File:Samba1.gif|thumb|120px|left|]]<br />
==About Brazil and Brazilians :D==<br />
<br />
:[http://www.everyculture.com/Bo-Co/Brazil.html#b/ Countries and their cultures - Brazil ]<br />
<br />
:[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil/ Culture of Brazil]<br />
<br />
:[http://www.culturecrossing.net/basics_business_student.php?id=30/ Culture Crossing - Brazil ]<br />
<br />
:[http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Brazilian/ Brazilian radio online - Music, society and culture]<br />
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:[http://www.brazilianhour.org/ The Brazilian hour radio - Brazilian music with narration in English]<br />
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Main Brazilian Online Newspapers:<br />
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:[http://www.folha.uol.com.br/ Folha.com.br]<br />
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:[http://www.estadao.com.br/ Estadão.com.br]<br />
<br />
== Brazilian Portuguese some basic references:==<br />
<br />
:'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa" (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA), 2003 <br />
<br />
:'''MATEUS MHM.''' et al. "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa", 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho. 2004<br />
<br />
:[http://books.google.com.br/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TFzWAq-S7I0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=portugu%C3%AAs+Brasileiro&ots=w8NKXWLgnO&sig=yV80j_J6fq-Rv5lGgXvex0Ar_fY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=portugu%C3%AAs%20Brasileiro&f=false/ BP Phonology]<br />
<br />
[[File:Brazil_flag.png|thumb|220px|right| Brazilian flag]]<br />
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[[Category:Languages]]</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12043Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-16T17:55:34Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
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<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
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'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
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=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
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<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
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<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
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<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
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[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
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=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
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The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
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In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
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<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
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==Simple future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
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By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
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The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
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==Present Future==<br />
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<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
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==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
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By clicking the link at the caption of the figure on the side, you will be redirected to a Youtube video of a song in Brazilian Portuguese, that counts with English translation, and contains several occurrence of Periphrastic IR-future.<br />
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==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
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<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
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==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
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Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
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[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
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==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
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The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
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In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
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==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
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The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
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<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
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The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors (Murphy, 2007 and Guimarães, 2010) explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
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There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
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[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
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Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
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:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
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'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
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:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
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<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
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[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
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The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
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This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
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[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
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Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
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Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
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[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
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This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22 ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
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This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
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<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
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A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
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[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12042Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-16T17:53:32Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Periphrastic IR (go) future */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
By clicking the link at the caption of the figure on the side, you will be redirected to a Youtube video of a song in Brazilian Portuguese, that counts with English translation, and contains several occurrence of Periphrastic IR-future.<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22 ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12039Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:28:58Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
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In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
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==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
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The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
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<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
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The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
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There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
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[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
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Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
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:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
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'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
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:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
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<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
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|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
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The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
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This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
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[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
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Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
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Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
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[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
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This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22 ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
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This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
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<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
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A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
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===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12038Reference list - Future Present Progressives in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:27:38Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
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<div><br />
<br />
'''Amaral, L.''' Os Verbos de Modo de Movimento no PB. Monografia de Bacharelado em Linguistica, UFMG; 2010.<br />
<br />
'''Amaral, L.''' Os verbos de modo de movimento no português brasileiro. ReVeLe – n 3; 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Azevedo, M.''' Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Bagno, M.''' Português ou brasileiro? Um convite à pesquisa. São Paulo: Parábola; 2001<br />
<br />
'''Barroso, H.''' O aspecto verbal perifrástico em português contemporâneo: visão functional / sincrónica. Porto, Porto Editora; 1994.<br />
<br />
'''Barroso, H.''' Para uma gramática do aspecto no verbo português. Braga, Universidade do Minh; 2007. [cited 2012 Februar] Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1822/7987.<br />
<br />
'''Bastos ACP.''' Progressive constructions in Brazilian Portuguese and English. Revista Letras, Curitiba, n. 63. Editora UFPR; 2004. p. 11-27, maio/ago.<br />
<br />
'''Batllori M, Roca F.''' Grammaticalization of Ser and Estar in Romance”. In: 8th Diachronic Generative Syntax Conference (DIGS VIII). Yale University, June 24-27; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Beermann, D. Mihaylov, P.''' Cloud Computing for Linguists. The 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics; 2010. [cited 2012 May] Available from: www.coling-2010.org/<br />
<br />
'''Beermann, D. Mihaylov, P.''' e-Research for Linguists. Proceedings of the 5th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities; 2011[cited 2012 May] Available from: http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W11/#1500<br />
<br />
'''Borba, FS.''' Propriedades Sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas do léxico. In: Revista (Con)Textos lingüísticos. Vitória: PPGEL; 2007. p. 55-68.<br />
<br />
'''Braga ML, Coriolano, J.''' Construções De Gerúndio No Português Do Brasil. Alfa, São Paulo; 2007. p. 175-187.<br />
<br />
'''Cintra MR.''' A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1; 2008. p. 233-241. <br />
<br />
'''Comrie, B.''' Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1976. ISBN 0-521-21109-3<br />
<br />
'''Copley, B.''' The Plan’s the Thing: Deconstructing Futurate Meanings. Linguistic Inquiry; 2002 [cited 2012 March] Available from: http://copley.free.fr/copley.futurates.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Croft, W.''' “A cognitive analysis of grammatical and lexical aspect using multidimensional scaling” In: JCLA Conference Handbook; 2004. p. 1-4.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' Semântica das Predicações Estativas: para uma Caracterização Aspectual dos Estados. Dissertação de Doutoramento, Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' As Construções com Progressivo no Português: uma Abordagem Semântica. Dissertação de Mestrado, Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto; 1998.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' Reconsidering Stative Predications, their Behaviour and Characteristics . In: Cadernos de Linguística, Nº 11. Porto, Centro de Linguística da Universidade do Porto; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Dahl, Ö.''' Tense and aspect systems. Oxford: Blackwell; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''DeArmond, RC.''' Event Classes. Course outline, Simon Frasier University; 2004. [cited 2012 Februaryl] Available from: http://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/322/course.outline.322.htm<br />
<br />
'''Dowty D.''' Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht, Reidel Publ. Comp; 1979.<br />
<br />
'''Fleischman, S.''' The future in thought and language: Diachronic evidence from Romance. New York City: Cambridge University Press; 1982. <br />
<br />
'''Garcia AS.''' Verbos incompatíveis com o progressivo no inglês. SOLETRAS (UERJ), v. 20; 2010. p. 146-164.<br />
<br />
'''Godoy E.''' O Progressivo: Além do Aspecto. Letras, Curitiba, n.41-42. Editora da UFPR; 1992-93.<br />
<br />
'''Guimarães, MR.''' Alguns problemas na interpretação da progressividade no português do Brasil. Revista Letras, Curitiba, n. 58, p. 137-145. jul./dez. Editora UFPR; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Hackmack S.''' Reichenbach's Theory of Tense and it's Application to English; 2011. [cited 2011 November] Available from http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/csa5006/pdf/hackmack.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Huddleston, RD.''' The Futurate Construction. Linguistic Inquiry; 1977. p. 730-36.<br />
<br />
'''IBGE. Brasil.''' Censo Demográfico de 2012. Dados nacionais. Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Brasil; 2010<br />
<br />
'''Ignacio, SE.''' Estrutura argumental e morfossintática das orações construídas a partir de verbos de movimento no português escrito contemporâneo do Brasil. Estudos Lingüísticos (São Paulo), São Pulo - USP, v. 31; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Jackendoff, R.''' The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1997, p. 262. ISBN 0-262-10059-2.<br />
<br />
'''Kratzer, A.''' Severing the external argument from its verb. In: J. Rooryck and L. Zaring (Eds.), Phrase Structure and the Lexicon, Dordrecht: <br />
Kluwer.Carlson; 1995. p. 109-137.<br />
<br />
'''Levin B, Rappaport M.''' The Lexical Semantics of Verbs of Motion: The Perspective from Unaccusativity. In: ROCA, Iggy (Org.). Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar. Berlin: Foris; 1992. p. 247-269.<br />
<br />
'''Levin B.''' English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1993.<br />
<br />
'''Levin, B.''' The Lexical Semantics of Verbs II: Aspectual Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation: Course LSA.113P. Stanford University; 2003. [cited 2012 April] Available from: http://www.stanford.edu/~bclevin/lsa07asp.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Lock G.''' Representing Time: Tense and temporal Adjuncts, summary. In: Functional English grammar: an introduction for second language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996. p. 169–170. ISBN 978-0521459228.<br />
<br />
'''Lyons J.''' Semantics Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1977.<br />
<br />
'''Malvar, E.''' Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA); 2003.<br />
<br />
'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. Gramática da Língua Portuguesa, 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – Gramática da Língua Portuguesa (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA); 2003. <br />
<br />
'''Mendes, RB.''' Ter + particípio e estar + gerúndio: aspecto e variação no português. Tese de Doutorado). Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem (IEL). Campinas, SP; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Moens, M.''' Tense, Aspect and Temporal Reference. PhD Thesis, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh; 1987.<br />
<br />
'''Murphy, R.''' English Grammar In Use with Answers and CD ROM: A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English; 2007.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira JM.''' O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança. (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras; 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira R.''' Do Progressivo do Inglês ao Progressivo do Português. MA Thesis: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curutiba; 1999.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira, JM. Olinda, SRM.''' A trajetória do futuro perifrástico nalíngua portuguesa: séculos XVIII, XIX e XX. Revista da ABRALIN, v. 7, n. 2, p. 93-117, jul./dez; 2008.<br />
<br />
'''Orozco, R.''' Distribution of Future Time Forms in Northern Colombian Spanish. Selected Proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, ed. David Eddington, 56-65. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project; 2005. [cited 2012 April] Available from: http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/7/paper1086.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Parsons, T.''' The progressive in English: events, states and processes. Linguistics aiul Philosophy, n. 12; 1989. p. 213-241.<br />
<br />
'''Perini, MA.''' Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press; 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7<br />
<br />
'''Poplack S, Malvar E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change. Probus 19; 2007. p. 121-169. <br />
<br />
'''Pratas F.''' States and Temporal Interpretation in Capeverdean. In: Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2008 - Selected papers from Going Romance Groningen 2008. <br />
<br />
'''Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S. Leech, G. Svartvik, J.''' A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''Reichenbach H.''' Elements of Symbolic Logic. Free Press, New York; 1947.<br />
<br />
'''Santos, A.''' O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação. Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília; 1997.<br />
<br />
'''Schmitt C.''' Semi-copulas: event and aspectual composition. Michigan State University; 2003.<br />
<br />
'''Silva, A.''' A expressão de futuridade no português falado. Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Smith, CS.''' The Parameter of Aspect Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2nd ed; 1997.<br />
<br />
'''Tafner EP.''' O Futuro Na Internet: Vai Estar Se Propagando Uma Inovação? Estudos Lingüísticos XXXIII; 2004. p. 945-951.<br />
<br />
'''Tani, M.''' Lexical Aspects and Grammatical Aspects: Relation between the Verb Know and the Progressive Construction. 2004<br />
<br />
'''Torrego, LG.''' Gramatica didactica del españ ol / Didactic Spanish Grammar. Ediciones SIM, Madrid. Décima edición; 2011. ISBN 9788467541359.<br />
<br />
'''Travaglia LC.''' O aspecto verbal no português. Minas Gerais: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''Vendler, Z.''' Verbs and Times, The Philosophical Review; 1957. 66:143-60. ISSN 0031-8108<br />
<br />
'''Vendler, Z.''' Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; 1967.<br />
<br />
'''Verkuyl, HJ.''' A Theory of Aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Reference_list_-_Future_Present_Progressives_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12037Reference list - Future Present Progressives in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:27:06Z<p>Franciane Rocha: Created page with 'REFERENCES '''Amaral, L.''' Os Verbos de Modo de Movimento no PB. Monografia de Bacharelado em Linguistica, UFMG; 2010. '''Amaral, L.''' Os verbos de modo de movimento no por…'</p>
<hr />
<div>REFERENCES<br />
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<br />
'''Amaral, L.''' Os Verbos de Modo de Movimento no PB. Monografia de Bacharelado em Linguistica, UFMG; 2010.<br />
<br />
'''Amaral, L.''' Os verbos de modo de movimento no português brasileiro. ReVeLe – n 3; 2011. <br />
<br />
'''Azevedo, M.''' Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Bagno, M.''' Português ou brasileiro? Um convite à pesquisa. São Paulo: Parábola; 2001<br />
<br />
'''Barroso, H.''' O aspecto verbal perifrástico em português contemporâneo: visão functional / sincrónica. Porto, Porto Editora; 1994.<br />
<br />
'''Barroso, H.''' Para uma gramática do aspecto no verbo português. Braga, Universidade do Minh; 2007. [cited 2012 Februar] Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/1822/7987.<br />
<br />
'''Bastos ACP.''' Progressive constructions in Brazilian Portuguese and English. Revista Letras, Curitiba, n. 63. Editora UFPR; 2004. p. 11-27, maio/ago.<br />
<br />
'''Batllori M, Roca F.''' Grammaticalization of Ser and Estar in Romance”. In: 8th Diachronic Generative Syntax Conference (DIGS VIII). Yale University, June 24-27; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Beermann, D. Mihaylov, P.''' Cloud Computing for Linguists. The 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics; 2010. [cited 2012 May] Available from: www.coling-2010.org/<br />
<br />
'''Beermann, D. Mihaylov, P.''' e-Research for Linguists. Proceedings of the 5th ACL-HLT Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities; 2011[cited 2012 May] Available from: http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W11/#1500<br />
<br />
'''Borba, FS.''' Propriedades Sintáticas, semânticas e pragmáticas do léxico. In: Revista (Con)Textos lingüísticos. Vitória: PPGEL; 2007. p. 55-68.<br />
<br />
'''Braga ML, Coriolano, J.''' Construções De Gerúndio No Português Do Brasil. Alfa, São Paulo; 2007. p. 175-187.<br />
<br />
'''Cintra MR.''' A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1; 2008. p. 233-241. <br />
<br />
'''Comrie, B.''' Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1976. ISBN 0-521-21109-3<br />
<br />
'''Copley, B.''' The Plan’s the Thing: Deconstructing Futurate Meanings. Linguistic Inquiry; 2002 [cited 2012 March] Available from: http://copley.free.fr/copley.futurates.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Croft, W.''' “A cognitive analysis of grammatical and lexical aspect using multidimensional scaling” In: JCLA Conference Handbook; 2004. p. 1-4.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' Semântica das Predicações Estativas: para uma Caracterização Aspectual dos Estados. Dissertação de Doutoramento, Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' As Construções com Progressivo no Português: uma Abordagem Semântica. Dissertação de Mestrado, Porto, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto; 1998.<br />
<br />
'''Cunha LF.''' Reconsidering Stative Predications, their Behaviour and Characteristics . In: Cadernos de Linguística, Nº 11. Porto, Centro de Linguística da Universidade do Porto; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Dahl, Ö.''' Tense and aspect systems. Oxford: Blackwell; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''DeArmond, RC.''' Event Classes. Course outline, Simon Frasier University; 2004. [cited 2012 Februaryl] Available from: http://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/322/course.outline.322.htm<br />
<br />
'''Dowty D.''' Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht, Reidel Publ. Comp; 1979.<br />
<br />
'''Fleischman, S.''' The future in thought and language: Diachronic evidence from Romance. New York City: Cambridge University Press; 1982. <br />
<br />
'''Garcia AS.''' Verbos incompatíveis com o progressivo no inglês. SOLETRAS (UERJ), v. 20; 2010. p. 146-164.<br />
<br />
'''Godoy E.''' O Progressivo: Além do Aspecto. Letras, Curitiba, n.41-42. Editora da UFPR; 1992-93.<br />
<br />
'''Guimarães, MR.''' Alguns problemas na interpretação da progressividade no português do Brasil. Revista Letras, Curitiba, n. 58, p. 137-145. jul./dez. Editora UFPR; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Hackmack S.''' Reichenbach's Theory of Tense and it's Application to English; 2011. [cited 2011 November] Available from http://staff.um.edu.mt/mros1/csa5006/pdf/hackmack.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Huddleston, RD.''' The Futurate Construction. Linguistic Inquiry; 1977. p. 730-36.<br />
<br />
'''IBGE. Brasil.''' Censo Demográfico de 2012. Dados nacionais. Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Brasil; 2010<br />
<br />
'''Ignacio, SE.''' Estrutura argumental e morfossintática das orações construídas a partir de verbos de movimento no português escrito contemporâneo do Brasil. Estudos Lingüísticos (São Paulo), São Pulo - USP, v. 31; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Jackendoff, R.''' The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1997, p. 262. ISBN 0-262-10059-2.<br />
<br />
'''Kratzer, A.''' Severing the external argument from its verb. In: J. Rooryck and L. Zaring (Eds.), Phrase Structure and the Lexicon, Dordrecht: <br />
Kluwer.Carlson; 1995. p. 109-137.<br />
<br />
'''Levin B, Rappaport M.''' The Lexical Semantics of Verbs of Motion: The Perspective from Unaccusativity. In: ROCA, Iggy (Org.). Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar. Berlin: Foris; 1992. p. 247-269.<br />
<br />
'''Levin B.''' English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1993.<br />
<br />
'''Levin, B.''' The Lexical Semantics of Verbs II: Aspectual Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation: Course LSA.113P. Stanford University; 2003. [cited 2012 April] Available from: http://www.stanford.edu/~bclevin/lsa07asp.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Lock G.''' Representing Time: Tense and temporal Adjuncts, summary. In: Functional English grammar: an introduction for second language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1996. p. 169–170. ISBN 978-0521459228.<br />
<br />
'''Lyons J.''' Semantics Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1977.<br />
<br />
'''Malvar, E.''' Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA); 2003.<br />
<br />
'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. Gramática da Língua Portuguesa, 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho; 2004.<br />
<br />
'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – Gramática da Língua Portuguesa (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA); 2003. <br />
<br />
'''Mendes, RB.''' Ter + particípio e estar + gerúndio: aspecto e variação no português. Tese de Doutorado). Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem (IEL). Campinas, SP; 2005.<br />
<br />
'''Moens, M.''' Tense, Aspect and Temporal Reference. PhD Thesis, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh; 1987.<br />
<br />
'''Murphy, R.''' English Grammar In Use with Answers and CD ROM: A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English; 2007.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira JM.''' O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança. (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras; 2006.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira R.''' Do Progressivo do Inglês ao Progressivo do Português. MA Thesis: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curutiba; 1999.<br />
<br />
'''Oliveira, JM. Olinda, SRM.''' A trajetória do futuro perifrástico nalíngua portuguesa: séculos XVIII, XIX e XX. Revista da ABRALIN, v. 7, n. 2, p. 93-117, jul./dez; 2008.<br />
<br />
'''Orozco, R.''' Distribution of Future Time Forms in Northern Colombian Spanish. Selected Proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, ed. David Eddington, 56-65. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project; 2005. [cited 2012 April] Available from: http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/7/paper1086.pdf<br />
<br />
'''Parsons, T.''' The progressive in English: events, states and processes. Linguistics aiul Philosophy, n. 12; 1989. p. 213-241.<br />
<br />
'''Perini, MA.''' Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar), New Haven: Yale University Press; 2002. ISBN 978-0-300-09155-7<br />
<br />
'''Poplack S, Malvar E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change. Probus 19; 2007. p. 121-169. <br />
<br />
'''Pratas F.''' States and Temporal Interpretation in Capeverdean. In: Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2008 - Selected papers from Going Romance Groningen 2008. <br />
<br />
'''Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S. Leech, G. Svartvik, J.''' A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''Reichenbach H.''' Elements of Symbolic Logic. Free Press, New York; 1947.<br />
<br />
'''Santos, A.''' O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação. Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília; 1997.<br />
<br />
'''Schmitt C.''' Semi-copulas: event and aspectual composition. Michigan State University; 2003.<br />
<br />
'''Silva, A.''' A expressão de futuridade no português falado. Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica; 2002.<br />
<br />
'''Smith, CS.''' The Parameter of Aspect Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2nd ed; 1997.<br />
<br />
'''Tafner EP.''' O Futuro Na Internet: Vai Estar Se Propagando Uma Inovação? Estudos Lingüísticos XXXIII; 2004. p. 945-951.<br />
<br />
'''Tani, M.''' Lexical Aspects and Grammatical Aspects: Relation between the Verb Know and the Progressive Construction. 2004<br />
<br />
'''Torrego, LG.''' Gramatica didactica del españ ol / Didactic Spanish Grammar. Ediciones SIM, Madrid. Décima edición; 2011. ISBN 9788467541359.<br />
<br />
'''Travaglia LC.''' O aspecto verbal no português. Minas Gerais: Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; 1985.<br />
<br />
'''Vendler, Z.''' Verbs and Times, The Philosophical Review; 1957. 66:143-60. ISSN 0031-8108<br />
<br />
'''Vendler, Z.''' Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press; 1967.<br />
<br />
'''Verkuyl, HJ.''' A Theory of Aspectuality: The interaction between temporal and atemporal structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12036References - Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:12:51Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>*'''Cintra MR.''' "A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística". Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. <br />
<br />
*'''Malvar E.''' "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA), 2003.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/sociolinguistics/shanapoplack/francais/pubs/articles/PoplackMalvar2007.pdf/ '''Poplack, S. and Malvar, E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change: The expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
<br />
*'''Santos A.''' "O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação". Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília, 1997.<br />
<br />
*'''Silva A.''' "A expressão de futuridade no português falado". Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2002.<br />
<br />
*'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa" (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA), 2003 <br />
<br />
*'''MATEUS MHM.''' et al. "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa", 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho. 2004<br />
<br />
*'''Oliveira JM.''' "O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança". (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras, 2006.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.abralin.org/revista/RVE1/v8.pdf/ '''Oliveira JM.''' A EXPRESSÃO VARIÁVEL DO FUTURO VERBAL NA ESCRITA: BRASIL E PORTUGAL EM CONFRONTO; 2009]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ufjf.br/revistaveredas/files/2009/12/cap091.pdf/ '''Gryner H.''' Emergência do futuro perifrástico no português carioca: o princípio da marcação; 2006]<br />
<br />
*[http://publicacoes.unigranrio.com.br/index.php/reihm/article/viewFile/60/64/ '''Barbosa JB''' A expressão do futuro no português brasileiro contemporâneo; 2007]<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.br/books?id=HmCFK8G3D1cC&pg=PA109&dq=%22OCLC4073%22&as_brr=3&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22OCLC4073%22&f=false/ '''Thomas EW.''' The syntax of spoken Brazilian Portuguese; 2000]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.linguistica.ufes.br/sites/www.linguistica.ufes.br/files/Marcelatotal.pdf/ '''Bragança, MLL.''' A gramaticalização do verbo ir e a variação de formas para expressar o futuro do presente: uma fotografia Capixaba; 2008]</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12035References - Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:09:55Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>*'''Cintra MR.''' "A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística". Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. <br />
<br />
*'''Malvar E.''' "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA), 2003.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/sociolinguistics/shanapoplack/francais/pubs/articles/PoplackMalvar2007.pdf/ '''Poplack, S. and Malvar, E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change: The expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
<br />
*'''Santos A.''' "O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação". Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília, 1997.<br />
<br />
*'''Silva A.''' "A expressão de futuridade no português falado". Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2002.<br />
<br />
*'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa" (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA), 2003 <br />
<br />
*'''MATEUS MHM.''' et al. "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa", 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho. 2004<br />
<br />
*'''Oliveira JM.''' "O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança". (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras, 2006.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.abralin.org/revista/RVE1/v8.pdf/ '''Oliveira JM.''' A EXPRESSÃO VARIÁVEL DO FUTURO VERBAL NA ESCRITA: BRASIL E PORTUGAL EM CONFRONTO; 2009]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ufjf.br/revistaveredas/files/2009/12/cap091.pdf/ '''Gryner H.''' Emergência do futuro perifrástico no português carioca: o princípio da marcação; 2006]<br />
<br />
*[http://publicacoes.unigranrio.com.br/index.php/reihm/article/viewFile/60/64/ '''Barbosa JB''' A expressão do futuro no português brasileiro contemporâneo; 2007]<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.br/books?id=HmCFK8G3D1cC&pg=PA109&dq=%22OCLC4073%22&as_brr=3&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22OCLC4073%22&f=false / '''Thomas EW.''' The syntax of spoken Brazilian Portuguese; 2000]</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12034References - Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-08-13T17:08:35Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>*'''Cintra MR.''' "A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística". Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. <br />
<br />
*'''Malvar E.''' "Future temporal reference in Brazilian Portuguese: past and present". Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (CA), 2003.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/sociolinguistics/shanapoplack/francais/pubs/articles/PoplackMalvar2007.pdf/ '''Poplack, S. and Malvar, E.''' Elucidating the transition period in linguistic change: The expression of the future in Brazilian Portuguese]<br />
<br />
*'''Santos A.''' "O futuro verbal no português do Brasil em variação". Dissertação (Mestrado em Lingüística) - Instituto de Letras, Universidade de Brasília, 1997.<br />
<br />
*'''Silva A.''' "A expressão de futuridade no português falado". Araraquara: UNESP; São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica, 2002.<br />
<br />
*'''Mateus MHM.''' et al. – "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa" (5ª edição, revista e aumentada), Lisboa (Editorial Caminho – Colecção Universitária / Série LINGUÍSTICA), 2003 <br />
<br />
*'''MATEUS MHM.''' et al. "Gramática da Língua Portuguesa", 6ª Edição. Lisboa, Editorial Caminho. 2004<br />
<br />
*'''Oliveira JM.''' "O futuro da língua portuguesa ontem e hoje: variação e mudança". (Tese de Doutorado em Língua Portuguesa). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ, Faculdade de Letras, 2006.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.abralin.org/revista/RVE1/v8.pdf/ '''Oliveira JM.''' A EXPRESSÃO VARIÁVEL DO FUTURO VERBAL NA ESCRITA: BRASIL E PORTUGAL EM CONFRONTO; 2009]<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ufjf.br/revistaveredas/files/2009/12/cap091.pdf/ '''Gryner H.''' Emergência do futuro perifrástico no português carioca: o princípio da marcação]<br />
<br />
*[http://publicacoes.unigranrio.com.br/index.php/reihm/article/viewFile/60/64/ '''Barbosa JB''' A expressão do futuro no português brasileiro contemporâneo; 2007]<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.br/books?id=HmCFK8G3D1cC&pg=PA109&dq=%22OCLC4073%22&as_brr=3&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22OCLC4073%22&f=false / '''Thomas EW.''' The syntax of spoken Brazilian Portuguese; 2000]</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12020Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-31T00:51:41Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
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'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
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=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
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[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
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=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
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In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
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<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
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==Simple future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
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By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
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==Present Future==<br />
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<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
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==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
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[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
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<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
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==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
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<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
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==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
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{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
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[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
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==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
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[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
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:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
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=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
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==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
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The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
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The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22 ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12019Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-31T00:49:07Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Simple future */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:Um_%C3%ADndio_(a_Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22/ ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12018Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T19:19:19Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* 3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
<center>For more annotated data of future expressions in BP, visit the following dataset: [[http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1547/ Futuro em Português Brasileiro]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22/ ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12017Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T19:11:30Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|130px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://vimeo.com/8620283/ Be on the Net video]]]<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::Following the link at the caption of the figure on your right, you will be redirected to a video of an advertisement the Brazilian national law against inefficiency on the call center services, that presents several occurrences of the "gerundismo" phenomenon.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22/ ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12016Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T18:53:23Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002), we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) and Cintra (2008) we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
Here you can access an annotated dataset with samples of FPP occurrences in BP: [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1730/ FPP in BP - annotated database]<br />
<br />
[[File:FRmaster.jpeg|thumb|160px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This database was assemble for the analysis made by Master student [[User:Franciane Rocha|Franciane Rocha]], at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU]. The title of the master thesis is '"Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'" and a synopsis of this work can be found by clicking the following link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/%22Future_Present_Progressive_in_Brazilian_Portuguese%22/ ROCHA, F. "Future Present Progressive in Brazilian Portuguese'"]. <br />
<br />
This work investigates the relationship between lexical and grammatical aspect within the FPP constructions, and aims to find an explanation for the fact that some verbs are compatible to work in Brazilian Portuguese FPPs while other are forbidden, as in the data that follows:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>29228</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>29309</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
A .pdf file with the whole text of this master's thesis will be uploaded to these pages soon.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:FRmaster.jpeg&diff=12015File:FRmaster.jpeg2012-07-30T18:50:01Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12014Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:59:06Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
The Future Present Progressive (FPP) is a construction composed by the Present Progressive form followed by a temporal adverb of future meaning. As in: <br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:FPP.png|thumb|400px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
This complex is gaining in popularity in [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] as it results in a special kind of future reference. Following Murray (2007) and Copley (2002) <ref> http://copley.free.fr/copley.futurates.pdf </ref>, we assume that the FPP is used when the speaker wishes to express that the action intended is not only a desire, but also a project that in some way has already started to happen. The use of FPPs implies that the preparation of the event is part of the process that will culminate on the realization of the action itself. In this way the speaker portrays the Present as the virtual start point of the process of doing something towards bringing the future event about (Murphy 2007). <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:FPPpic.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>28439</Phrase> <br />
<br />
<br />
Based on Garcia (2010) <ref>Garcia A. S. . Verbos incompatíveis com o progressivo no inglês. SOLETRAS (UERJ), v. 20, p. 146-164, 2010.</ref> and Cintra (2008) <ref> Cintra MR. A perífrase “ir (pres.) + (es)ta(r) + gerúndio” como indício de inovação linguística. Estudos Linguísticos, São Paulo, v.37, n.1. 2008 p. 233-241. </ref> we assume that the FPP found its way into BP through English. Copley refers to this construction as a Futurate. Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms with no deeper examination of this complex.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:FPPpic.jpeg&diff=12013File:FPPpic.jpeg2012-07-30T14:56:30Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:FPP.png&diff=12012File:FPP.png2012-07-30T14:42:02Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12011Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:09:58Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* 4. Non default forms of future expressions */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12010Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:08:04Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="left" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12009Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:04:13Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* 2. Brazilian_Portuguese (BP) */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12008Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:02:36Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* 1. The project */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12007Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T14:01:27Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12006Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T13:58:42Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* About the occurrence rate in BP discourse */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:Occurrence_BP.png&diff=12005File:Occurrence BP.png2012-07-30T13:56:17Z<p>Franciane Rocha: uploaded a new version of "File:Occurrence BP.png"</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12004Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T13:45:05Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample "O gato de Simon" at the time you visit the annotated database and the transcribed text for finding more BP gerund occurrences.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>'''Audio transcription:''' [[Corpus:O_gato_de_Simon]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12003Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T13:40:40Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|180px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33187</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Listen to this Brazilian Portuguese audio sample at the time you visit the annotated database for finding more BP gerund occurences.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::<flashmp3>FR L1.mp3</flashmp3> [http://typecraft.org/TCEditor/1364/#tab1 Go to the database for the annotated text]<br />
<br />
[[File:SimonsCat.png|thumb|150px|center|[http://www.simonscat.com/faqs.html source]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12002Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T13:00:50Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Kid tv.gif|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action, as in:<br />
<br />
<Phrase>33186</Phrase><br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the extensive use of the progressive form, or gerund morpheme in BP. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Gerundismo.jpeg|thumb|230px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs of indicating a very close future.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gerundismo.jpeg&diff=12001File:Gerundismo.jpeg2012-07-30T12:36:19Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=12000Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T11:43:27Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. <br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme. Some authors () explain the origins of this linguistic form, in a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English.<br />
<br />
There is kind of a prejudice against this structure in BP. It happens due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, they transmit to the hearer the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11999Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T11:07:03Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11998Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T01:02:56Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
UNDER CONSTRUCTION...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "'Future Present Progressives" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11997Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T01:00:30Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11996Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:59:58Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=='''Future Present Progressives (FPP) in BP'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11995Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:58:31Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==Future Present Progressive sin BP==<br />
<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11994Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:57:25Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11993Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:56:48Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11992Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:55:27Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* 4. Non default forms of future expressions */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11991Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:55:02Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
[[File:Book4.jpeg|thumb|85px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]===<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|100px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:List.jpeg&diff=11990File:List.jpeg2012-07-30T00:43:23Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:Book4.jpeg&diff=11989File:Book4.jpeg2012-07-30T00:42:14Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11988Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:38:28Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
==<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]</center>==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11987Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:37:56Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* References on Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference list: Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]</center>==<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11986Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:37:09Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* References on Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese References on Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]<center>==<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&diff=11985Future in Brazilian Portuguese2012-07-30T00:36:39Z<p>Franciane Rocha: /* The "gerundismo" phenomenon */</p>
<hr />
<div>=<center>1. The project</center>=<br />
<br />
<span style="color:red">This page makes part of the [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/ISK_Speiderproject_2012-Language_Documentation_and_e-information Speiderproject 2012-Language Documentation and e-information], developed at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU] </span><br />
<br />
<br />
We have learned that well constructed corpora are not only a result of an in-depth linguistic analysis, but that they also can inform linguistic research. But in spite of a growing number of public language corpora, finding the information that is relevant to ones specific research purpose is still a challenge. When looking for linguistic information on the web, a lot can be found, yet standard search engines give us very general information peppered with information that is totally useless making search on the net also for a researcher often a waste time.[[File:Structure.png|thumb|150px|right]]<br />
<br />
The beginning of our needs as linguists regarding to the current search technologies can be represented by the question: ''How does one get close to the pulse of agents that deal with language?'' Our answer is that for those, dealing with languages, what really matters is to gain direct access to linguistic data and to find easy ways to interpret this data. Therefore, in our project, we would like to show one possible way to provide users of language with the access to data they seek and the necessary insight to interpret this data.<br />
<br />
This project is meant to show that results of linguistic research can be made interesting not only to other linguists, but also to language learners and lovers of language in a simple and direct way. Our intention is to provide direct access to part of our research data, in our project, but beyond that goal, we would like to focus on how we can make our data-driven research interesting and easy to grasp. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Then, we talk here about future expression in '''[[Brazilian_Portuguese]]''' (BP). We will look at the effect of language change on the use of the Future Tense, gathering valuable bibliographic and multimedia material on this topic.'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Screen Shot 2011-12-22 at 12.10.55 PM.png|thumb|300px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>2. [[Brazilian_Portuguese]] (BP)</center>= <br />
<center>"Follow the link above for more about Brazilian Portuguese on TC!!</center><br />
<br />
<center>Corpora, text, annotated data, information on large speech and text corpora, references, culture, society, and funny stuff :)"</center><br />
<br />
<center>'''Listen to the Brazilian national anthem:'''</center><br />
<br />
<center><flashmp3>brazilian national song.mp3</flashmp3> [http://www.exercito.gov.br/web/midia-eletronica/hinos-e-cancoes/ The Brazilian national anthem (Lyrics)]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Future.jpeg|thumb|150px]]<br />
<br />
=<center>3. Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability</center>=<br />
<br />
The variability in the expression of future is a characteristic phenomenon of Romance languages. Besides in Portuguese, this phenomenon has been described for French, Italian and Spanish (Oliveira and Olinda 2008, p. 94). Linguists (Oliveira, 2006; Santos, 1997 and Silva, 2002 next to others) have identified at least four “default” forms conveying primary future meaning. These are the simple future, the future present, the ‘haver’ (be to) periphrasis and the ‘ir’ (go) periphrasis. Prescriptive grammars, until recently, only acknowledge the synthetic or simple future, yet diachronic studies of future expression in Brazilian Portuguese (Oliveira, 2006; Bastos, 2010; Poplack and Malvar, 2007) agree that the simple future is in the process of being substituted by the periphrastic forms, specially the ‘ir’ periphrasis and to a minor extent by the future present.<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="2" align="center" style="text-align:center; color: green; background-color:#FFE4C4;" <br />
!colspan="6"|Future expression in BP<br />
|-<br />
|FORM<br />
|STRUCTURE<br />
|-<br />
|Simple Future<br />
|V-future morpheme<br />
|-<br />
|Future Present<br />
|V.pres+Adv.temp<br />
|-<br />
|Haver (to be) Periphrasis<br />
|Haver.fut+V.inf<br />
|-<br />
|Ir (go) Periphrasis<br />
|Ir.fut+V.inf<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
In the following you get a view of annotated data of these future forms, as well as audio and video samples of occurrences of these forms of expression in Brazilian music.<br />
The songs included here can also be seen in annotated corpus by clicking the link respective to each youtube video.<br />
<br />
==Simple future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|right|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ Caetano Veloso: ''Um índio'' (an Indian)]]]<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24893</Phrase><br />
<br />
By clicking the link on the caption of the figure, you will be redirected to a [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPdfwzYuOsw/ youtube video] of the performance of Brazilian singer [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Veloso/ Caetano Veloso] (http://www.caetanoveloso.com.br/) with the song "Um índio" (A native), that counts with several occurrences of simple future expressions.<br />
<br />
The link: [http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Corpus:%22Um_%C3%ADndio%22_(Brazilian_song) Um índio (Brazilian song)] directs you to a page where you can find the lyrics of the song (with the simple future occurrences highlighted) and the same lyrics in an annotated corpus.<br />
<br />
==Present Future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24894</Phrase><br />
<br />
==Periphrastic IR (go) future==<br />
<br />
[[File:Video.jpeg|thumb|150px|left|[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcoF3bjCp0/Mulan.png Mulan - ''Vou fazer um homem de você'' (I will make a man out of you)]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24895</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Periphrastic HAVER (to be) future==<br />
<br />
<Phrase>24898</Phrase><br />
<br />
<br />
==About the occurrence rate in BP discourse==<br />
<br />
Oliveira (2006), when working with future expressions in Portuguese from a diachronic perspective reports that the simple future is less and less used in Portuguese discourse, both for formal and informal contexts. Following Poplack and Malvar’s (2007), the simple future has been substituted mainly by the analytic forms of ‘ir’ (go) + infinitive which nowadays can be used almost without any linguistic or social restrictions (Oliveira 2006, p. 194). Spearheaded is this change of course in spoken discourse. Oliveira says that simple future also in written discourse gives way to the periphrastic form ‘ir’+ infinitive'. According to the same studies, the second periphrastic form is almost never used in Brazilian Portuguese speech. See table for quantitative information:<br />
<br />
[[File:Occurrence_BP.png|thumb|450px|center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese References on Future in Brazilian Portuguese - Variability]==<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|left]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=<center>4. Non default forms of future expressions</center>=<br />
[[File:Nondefault.png|thumb|200px|right]]<br />
<br />
The general forms of future expression in BP (simple future, future present, ir-periphrasis, and haver-periphrasis) are forms that convey “primary future meaning”. Besides these forms (presented in the last section), there are also other less usual forms of expressing future in BP. Generally, these forms are structures originally employed for the purpose of expressing other tenses, which represent other variants associated with a wide array of modalities such as, certainty, doubt, resolution, necessity and probability; and/or other contexts of use as, affirmative sentences, monosyllabic verbs, proximity in the future, and so on (Poplack and Malvar 2007, p. 123). Sometimes, these non default forms of BP future expressions can also be the result of syntactic loans that generate future meaning. <br />
<br />
In this page, we will present only two of these non default forms of future expressions in BP. First, we examine the "gerundismo" phenomenon, a structure that was and still is very discussed among Brazilian scholars for its controversial nature. Then, we see the Future Present Progressives in BP, a little documented expression of future that has been treated as the topic of a master thesis at the [http://www.ntnu.edu/isk/ Department of Language and Communication] of [http://www.ntnu.edu/ NTNU].<br />
<br />
<br />
==The "gerundismo" phenomenon==<br />
[[File:Call_center_2.jpeg|thumb|200px|left]]<br />
<br />
The gerund forms in Portuguese are identified by the morpheme '''-ndo''' and are correspondent to English form '''-ing''' used for progressive constructions. They are ordinarily employed to indicate that something is happening at the precise moment of the utterance, or that the action is simultaneous to another action. However, as some authors explain the origins of this linguistic form, because of a literal incorporation of the "be going to" forms from English, a new structure was originated.<br />
<br />
The "gerundismo" consists in the use of a three-word periphrasis that consists of: the verb '''ir''' (go) in the present + '''estar''' (be) in the infinitive + the main verb of the sentence in progressive form. This structure is used instead of the canonical forms of future in BP in a try to add an immediate meaning to the future actions by the use of a original present structure plus a progressive morpheme.<br />
<br />
The beginning of the prejudice against this structure is due to its exhaustive use by the call center employees to add immediate meaning to future actions. This way, the hearer would have the impression that its complain or requirement '''is already being taken care''', instead that his/her requirement will be taken care in the future. See comparison of examples below:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Callcenter.jpeg|thumb|200px|right]] <br />
<Phrase>33183</Phrase> <br />
<Phrase>33184</Phrase><br />
<Phrase>33185</Phrase><br />
[[File:Thumbs.jpeg|thumb|150px|left]] <br />
<br />
<br />
Because of this, BP speakers started to associate the use of this structure to the intention of deceiving someone with a kind of ''linguistic cheating'' classified by many speakers and scholar as ''bad Portuguese''. On the other side, many other linguists argue this is a genuine linguistic borrowing (Anglicism) that has only been used extensively for a social group to fit its linguistic needs.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
===<center>[http://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/References_-_Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese Reference's page: "Gerundismo" in Brazilian Portuguese]</center>===<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
[[File:Discussion.gif|thumb|105px|right]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::::'''Anything to add about this section?? Visit our [http://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Future_in_Brazilian_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1/ discussion board] !!!!'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Most of the Portuguese manuals disregard such forms. At most, they are briefly mentioned as in Mira Mateus et al's (2004) grammar book and Oliveira's (2006) work. These references mention the possibility of future reference through the use of the present progressive forms.</div>Franciane Rochahttps://typecraft.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thumbs.jpeg&diff=11984File:Thumbs.jpeg2012-07-30T00:27:49Z<p>Franciane Rocha: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Franciane Rocha